Droplet size spectra and deposits of two aerially sprayed Bacillus thuringiensis formulations on artificial samplers and live foliage

Abstract

Two commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (BTK), Foray^® 48B and Thuricide^® 48LV, were applied aerially over nine spray blocks in a hardwood forest in West Virginia in 1991. Droplet spectra and spray mass deposits were determined using water‐sensitive paper strips (WSPS), glass micro‐fiber filters (GMFFs), glass plates and castor oil. Mass deposits of BTK were also assessed on natural foliage by two bioassay methods, i.e., feeding of homogenized foliage containing a starch‐sucrose solution and force‐feeding bioassay of foliar extracts containing re‐dissolved protein precipitate. Deposits on canopy foliage and ground samplers were also assessed by total protein assay and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Droplet spectra on the WSPS were different from those on castor oil. Droplets on horizontal ground WSPS were larger than those on vertical ground WSPS. WSPS placed at canopy level collected more droplets than those at ground level. The total protein deposits (ng/cm²) were consistently higher on all blocks than the delta‐endotoxin protein deposits. Spray mass recovery on the ground samplers were low, and ranged from 2.9 to 8.0% of the applied rates.     

基于组合模型的能源需求预测

能源是人类生存和发展的重要物质基础,也是当今国际政治、经济、军事、外交关注的焦点。能源需求预测是合理制定能源规划的基础。能源需求预测的模型很多,总的来说,可以分为单一模型预测和组合模型预测。本文在分析几种常用单一模型的优缺点和适用范围的基础上,建立BP神经网络与灰色GM的优化组合模型,对江苏省未来十五年煤炭和石油的需求量进行预测。结果表明:①随着经济的发展,未来江苏省对煤炭和石油的需求量逐渐增加,其中煤炭从2008年的19 601.39万t标准煤增加到2020年的25 615.26万t标准煤,年均增长率为1.81%;石油从2008年的2 628.64万t标准煤增加到2020年的3 532.60万t标准煤,年均增长率为1.36%;②基于BP网络与GM(1,1)的组合模型克服了单一模型的缺点,实现了优化组合模型"过去一段时间内组合预测误差最小"的原则,且预测结果误差较小,不仅适用于能源的中长期预测,还可以推广到其他领域。     

智能算法及其在环境预警中的应用

智能算法具有学习非线性问题的能力,可有效优化环境模型结构与参数,是环境预警的重要工具。重点分析了遗传算法和人工神经网络的相关特征,并以太湖蓝藻水华预报预警为例,介绍其在提高环境模型精度中的应用。     

地震荷载作用下埋地玻璃钢夹砂管的动力响应分析

玻璃钢夹砂管在土木水利工程领域得到了愈来愈广泛的应用,但现有的埋地管道地震响应分析模型大多不考虑管-土动力相互作用,且多针对均质材料管道,无法应用于具有明显层状复合材料结构特征的玻璃钢夹砂管。基于玻璃钢夹砂管的层状复合材料结构特征,建立了完整的埋地玻璃钢夹砂管地震响应分析模型,在数值分析模型中,考虑了管-土间复杂的动力相互作用,以及地震散射波从有限域向无限域的传播。算例分析表明,所建立的埋地玻璃钢夹砂管地震响应分析模型可合理地分析埋地玻璃钢夹砂管在地震荷载作用下的动力响应。     

人工增雨与农业水资源开发探讨

在分析我国水资源状况的基础上,针对我国淡水资源短缺问题,提出要充分利用人工增雨手段,开发空中水资源,以缓解水资源的短缺。     

环境模拟试验室人工降雪装置的研制

采用喷水雾的方式在空调器环境模拟试验室内实现人工降雪功能。对造雪方法、喷头选用、供水系统、供水/供气压力以及管道防冻等方面进行了研制和试验。试验结果表明人工降雪装置可实现稳定连续降雪,降雪洒落分布均匀、积雪蓬松类似自然雪,达到预期效果。     

Preliminary Evaluation of the Use of Phosphogypsum for Reef Substrate. Ii. A Study of the Effects of Phosphogypsum Exposure On Diversity and Biomass of Aquatic Organisms

The effects of cement consolidated phosphogypsum (PG) on marine organisms was investigated under natural conditions in four 1000 m² estuarine ponds. Two ponds were seeded with 160 kg of PG arranged in aggregations of blocks and two ponds received similar mass of sand/cement blocks. Meiofauna were sampled quarterly and PG did not affect total meiofauna or major taxa (nematodes and copepods) density. Abundant species of copepods either were slightly increased in ponds with PG or were inconsistently affected.

All ponds were drained after one year. Three species of macroinvertebrates and 15 species of fishes were collected. Diversity indices showed modest but inconsistent variation among ponds. Only Pond 1 (control) and Pond 4 (experimental) had similar species abundances and all ponds showed unique distributions of biomasses among species. Thus, no differences in community structure attributable to the presence of PG could be detected among benthic invertebrates, natant invertebrates, or fishes.     

人工饲养褐马鸡的繁育技术研究

对人工饲养条件下褐马鸡繁育的关键性技术进行了研究,并利用分组对比繁育的方法对不同的性比.与受精率、出雏率和成活率之间的关系进行了探讨,所取得的经验对保护国家珍稀鸟类具有积极意义.     

太湖流域农村生活污水处理技术探讨

2010年江苏省太湖流域主要污染物排放情况显示,太湖流域内的农村生活污水、农田径流和养殖污水是导致太湖水体富营养化的主要污染源。目前,在中国针对农村生活污水的处理技术已有一定研究。根据太湖流域农村生活污水的特点,人工湿地处理技术和稳定塘系统等新型污水处理技术具有良好的应用前景。     

基于BP模型的磷酸铵镁法除磷模拟研究

以实际试验数据为依据，通过网络结构优化建立了一个可用于磷酸铵镁法除磷模拟的BP神经网络模型。二维和三维的数值模拟表明，所建立的BP模型能够获得多因素条件下磷酸铵镁法除磷的变化规律和趋势，可为进一步的MAP法除磷及磷回收试验研究提供重要参考依据。