化学-生物絮凝工艺类神经网络模型比较研究

在化学-生物絮凝工艺中试研究的基础上，分别建立了基于BP类神经网络的多输入多输出（MIMO）模型与多输入单输出（MISO）模型。应用化学生物絮凝工艺中试6个不同工况的实测数据对2个模型进行训练，均表现出很好的收敛性。通过另外2个中试工况的实测数据对模型预测性能进行测试，MISO模型对化学-生物絮凝反应器出水的COD、TP和SS的预测相对误差均低于MIMO模型，其预测相对误差均在9%以下。研究表明，MISO模型是一个很易使用的建模工具，能很好地预测化学-生物絮凝工艺出水水质。     

多元回归和BP人工神经网络模型对混合厌氧消化产气量的预测研究

在中温且控制pH值条件下,对脂肪类单基质和城市污水厂剩余污泥进行混合厌氧消化试验。基于多元回归原理和BP人工神经网络原理,对其建立产气量预测模型。由实验数据计算得出:两个阶段多元回归模型的预测平均准确率分别为75.69%和79.29%;BP神经网络模型的预测平均准确率为79.05%。通过对比两种模型的预测结果可知,两种模型都有较高的预测准确率,但BP模型的预测准确率更高,更适用于混合厌氧消化产气量预测。     

椰糠填料用于人工湿地处理制胶废水

以椰糠作为湿地工作层主要填料,采用复合垂直流人工湿地处理海南天然橡胶加工业低浓度废水。结果表明,在144 mm/d水力负荷条件下,椰糠填料人工湿地对废水中的COD、BOD5、NH3-H及TP的去除率分别达到68.99%、66.49%、59.55%和75.22%,显著高于无椰糠对照组。当水力负荷提高至216 mm/d,系统运行稳定,出水水质仍能达到污水排放标准(GB 8978-1996)和《农业灌溉水质标准》(GB5084-92)。     

AN ENGINEERING ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A PROGRAM FOR ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE1

This study describes and demonstrates two alternate methods for evaluating the relative costs and benefits of artificial groundwater recharge using percolation ponds. The first analysis considers the benefits to be the reduction of pumping lifts and land subsidence; the second considers benefits as the alternative costs of a comparable surface delivery system. Example computations are carried out for an existing artificial recharge program in Santa Clara Valley in California. A computer groundwater model is used to estimate both the average long term and the drought period effects of artificial recharge in the study area. For the example problem, the benefits of reduced average annual pumping lifts and reduced incremental subsidence are greater than the total costs of continuing the existing artificial recharge program. Benefits for reduced subsidence are strongly dependent on initial aquifer conditions. The second analysis compares the costs of continuing the artificial recharge program with the costs of a surface system which would achieve the same hydraulic effects. Results indicate that the costs of artificial recharge are considerably smaller than the alternative costs of an equivalent surface system. In evaluating a particular program, consideration should also be given to uncertainties in future supplies and demands for water as well as to the probability of extreme events such as droughts.     

三江源区退化天然草地和人工草地生物量碳密度特征

生物量碳密度是生态系统表征碳截存能力的重要功能特征之一。为明晰三江源区高寒草地生物量碳密度特征,选取源区内3个县（玛沁县、甘德县、达日县）的退化天然草地（黑土滩）、退化人工草地、未退化天然草地为研究对象,通过野外调查取样和室内分析相结合的方法,对样区地上生物量、根系生物量及其碳密度进行测定与分析。结果表明：“黑土滩”地上生物量高于退化人工草地和天然草地;“黑土滩”活根和死根生物量都低于天然草地和退化人工草地。退化人工草地、“黑土滩”和天然草地的总生物量碳密度分别为719.47、706.57和2 233.09 g/m²。草地退化不仅改变了生态系统的生物量分配,而且改变了地上部分、活根和死根中的碳密度分配比例。退化人工草地和天然草地的活根和死根碳密度占总生物量碳密度的90%以上,“黑土滩”活根和死根碳密度占79.41%。活根碳密度与总生物量碳密度的比值在3种不同草地群落间的变化较地上植被和死根的大,因此,活根碳密度比例可以作为草地退化的敏感指标。     

紫外活化过硫酸盐降解水中三氯蔗糖动力学和机制

以新兴污染物人工甜味剂三氯蔗糖（SUC）为对象,研究紫外活化过硫酸盐（UV/PS）对其的降解效果.考察UV光强、PS投加量、溶液初始pH值和阴离子浓度等因素的影响,解析UV/PS降解SUC过程中的降解产物并评估其生态毒性.结果表明,对比单一UV和单一PS,UV/PS降解SUC效果更为明显,SUC降解反应速率常数随光强、PS投加量增加而增大,中性条件更有利于SUC降解,背景离子NO₃^-和HCO₃^-对UV/PS降解SUC有一定的抑制作用,而Cl^-和SO₄^2-促进降解过程.基于高分辨质谱HRMS和GC-MS解析出16种中间产物,降解过程主要涉及羟基化、氧化和醚裂解等反应.发光细菌毒性实验和ECOSAR预测结果表明,UV/PS降解SUC过程中会产生毒性高于母物质的中间产物,对生态环境存在潜在威胁.     

PREDICTION OF LOCAL SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS1

This paper describes a method for predicting local scour around bridge piers using an artificial neural network (ANN). Methods for selecting input variables, calibrations of network control parameters, learning process, and verifications are also discussed. The ANN model trained by laboratory data is applied to both laboratory and field measurements. The results illustrate that the ANN model can be used to predict local scour in the laboratories and in the field better than other empirical relationships that are currently in use. A parameter study is also carried out to investigate the importance of each input variable as reflected in data.     

竖向断裂缝对场地地震动的影响分析

断裂缝在工程场地十分常见,研究其对场地地震动的影响很有必要.基于应用局部人工边界条件模拟辐射阻尼影响的二维显式有限元方法,分别对垂直入射和斜入射地震波情形下具有不同深度的竖向断裂缝场地地震动进行了数值模拟,并与地表水平的均匀半空间场地地震动进行了对比,结果表明,断裂缝对其附近场地地震动的影响显著,但随着离开裂缝的距离变大,其影响迅速减小.     

仿野生发菜的生产工艺研究

文章报道了以价廉的植物性资源(淀粉等)原料为主料、海藻酸钠为固型剂，添加蛋白质等食品添加剂，通过一定的工艺过程可制作仿野生发菜。最佳的生产工艺条件是：W海藻酸钠：W蛋白质：W淀粉=2：1：1，水与固体原料之和的重量比为16～20：1，制浆液的温度在70℃左右，出丝的温度在50℃以上，以叶绿素类色素与天然的红色素如高梁红色素一起调配，可得外观形态、颜色、营养价值、口感与天然野生发菜相接近的仿生发菜产品。该工艺投资小，生产成本低，可进行大规模工业化生产。     

THE EFFECT OF CURRENT ON PERIPHYTIC PRODUCTIVITY AS DETERMINED USING CARBON-141

ABSTRACT: Productivity measurements of organisms attached to artificial substrates ranged from 6.5–7.6 mg C/m²/hr and were 17-65% greater in stirred bottles (simulated flow) than under static conditions. Carbon-14 was used to determine the effect of current on the primary productivity of these organisms in six artificial streams at the Flowing Streams Laboratory on the Savannah River Plant (U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, Aiken, South Carolina, U.SA.). Seasonal changes in dominant organisms were monitored from June 1973 to March 1974. Estimates of productivity, accumulated biomass, and levels of chlorophyll a were compared for possible correlation. Production of chlorophyll a ranged from 50 to 381 mg/m², and accumulated biomass ranged from 45 to 181 g/m² on the artificial substrates (glass microscope slides) during the period of study. Productivity of attached organisms was generally an order of magnitude greater than productivity of phytoplankton or tychoplankton. The consistently higher productivity in simulated flowing systems than in static systems tends to cast some doubt on values obtained when lotic communities have been enclosed or isolated in chambers or bottles without inducing a current or stirring action.