甘肃白龙江河谷浅山区冬季温度分布、逆温特征及宜桔地选择

本文探讨了陇南白龙江流域河谷浅山区冬季温度分布及逆温出现的特点;阐述了逆温形成的原因及与桔树生物学特性相适应的“逆温暖层”农业气候、生态的优势;根据冬季宏观温度和山体逆温分布规律,提出了浅山“暖层”宜桔地选择的方法。     

Social enquiry and the measurement of natural phenomena: the degradation of irrigation water in the Argolid Plain,Greece

Attempts to formulate appropriate policies for the management of agricultural systems are constrained by the limitations of acquiring information about changes in the natural system across space and through time. The adoption of natural science techniques to measure the transformation of natural phenomena requires considerable investment in time and expertise and may not always be capable of providing information about change in a way that meets the adaptive requirements of planning and policy. A more flexible approach to data collection will require the acceptance of less precise and more general physical data as the basis for understanding changes in complex agricultural systems. This raises interesting questions about the adoption of social enquiry techniques to provide information about changing natural phenomena. The progressive deterioration of water resources, as a result of intensive agricultural activity in the Argolid Plain of Greece, will be considered and the problems of measuring the extent of that degradation, and the processes leading to it, will be discussed.     

A concept model to estimate the potential distribution of the Asiatic citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) in Australia under climate change—A means for assessing biosecurity risk

Increasing global temperatures as a result of climate change are widely considered inevitable for Australia. Despite this, the specific effects of climate change on Australian agriculture are little studied and the effects on agricultural pests and diseases are virtually unknown. In this paper we consider the impact of climate change on the Asiatic citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama [Hemiptera: Psyllidae]); one of two known vectors of huanglongbing (citrus greening); a debilitating disease which is caused in Asia by a phloem-limited bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (α-Proteobacteria). D. citri does not occur in Australia, but if introduced would pose a major threat to the viability of the Australian citrus industry and to native Citrus species. This paper presents an approach developed to understand how climate change may influence the behaviour, distribution and breeding potential of D. citri. Here we developed and describe an initial dynamic point model of D. citri biology in relation to its citrus host and applied it to a scenario of increasing temperatures, as indicators of climate change, on a continental scale. A comparison between model outputs for the three time frames considered (1990, 2030 and 2070) confirms that increasing temperatures projected under climate change will affect the timing and duration of new citrus growth (flush) necessary for psyllid development throughout Australia. Flushing will start progressively earlier as the temperature increases and be of shorter duration. There will also be a gradual southward expansion of shorter durations of the occurrence of flush. Increasing temperatures will impact on D. citri both directly through alteration of its temperature dependant development cycle and indirectly through the impact on the host flushing cycle. For the whole of Australia, a comparison between model outputs for the three scenarios considered indicates the seasonality of D. citri development will change to match changes in citrus flush initiation. Results indicate that the risk of establishment by D. citri is projected to decrease under increasing temperatures, mainly due to shortened intervals when it can feed on new leaf flushes of the host. However, the spatially heterogeneous results also suggest that regions located on the southern coastline of Australia could become more suitable for D. citri than projected under current temperatures. These results confirm the value of a linked host-pest approach as based on D. citri climatic requirements alone the model would have accounted only for shorter development periods and predicted an increased risk of potential distribution.     

pH值调控对柑橘废渣与污泥厌氧共发酵产酸影响

为提高挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的产量,探究了柑橘废渣和剩余污泥不同VS(挥发性固体)配比及调控发酵过程pH值对产VFA性能的影响.结果表明:调节共发酵系统pH值为6对VFA的积累有促进作用,柑橘废渣VS/剩余污泥VS为2时的最大VFA产量为11183.12mg/L,是未控制pH值组最高VFA浓度的1.75倍.柑橘废渣中的...     

三峡库区柑橘园施肥量对土壤氮淋失及残留量的影响

本试验以三峡库区秭归县生态站所在流域内的柑橘园土壤作为研究对象,通过0～20、0～40、0～60 cm深度的原状土柱淋溶试验对不同施肥量对柑橘园土壤中氮素淋失及残留量的影响进行研究.试验中设置4种施肥处理,为不施肥处理(CK)、低氮施肥处理(T1:250 kg·hm~(-2))、中氮施肥处理(T2:500 kg·hm~(-2))、高氮施肥处理(T3:750 kg·hm~(-2)).结果表明:①柑橘园土壤中氮素淋失的主要形态为硝态氮(NO_3~--N),占总氮(TN)淋失量的36. 93%～60. 07%,铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)的比例为4. 40%～5. 79%.土壤中NO_3~--N残留量占TN残留量的比例为11. 31‰～45. 66‰,NH_4~+-N残留量的比例为1. 05‰～2. 07‰;②相同深度的柑橘园土壤中,氮素的淋失量和残留量与施肥量呈显著正相关.不同施肥量下土壤中TN的淋失量和残留量分别为11. 35～30. 11 kg·hm~(-2)和0. 30～1. 86 g·kg~(-1).其中,NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的淋失量占TN淋失量的比例在T2处理下达到峰值,NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的残留量占TN残留量比例峰值分别出现在T1和T2处理;③相同施肥量下,土壤中氮素不同形态的淋失量和残留量受土壤深度影响的差异较大.施肥后,NO_3~--N淋失量和残留量的峰值分别出现在20cm和40 cm深度,NH_4~+-N淋失量和残留量的峰值主要出现在20 cm深度.从试验中的结果推论,0～40 cm土柱中的中氮处理更有利于肥料氮向无机态氮转化以供植物吸收并降低施肥后氮素淋失的风险.     

梅州金柚高产优质的土壤与施肥管理技术

通过对柚园的土壤、作物营养与施肥试验研究,结合当地生产实际,总结出梅州金柚种植实现高产优质的土壤改良、培肥地力和施肥的一系列技术措施.     

柑桔的优质生产与土宜论

本文分析了名特优柑桔的优质生产对气候（温度、光照、降雨及空气湿度）及土壤等生态条件的要求，评述了名特优柑桔的适栽土壤以及柑桔发展中存在的两个与土宜有关的问题，强调了土宜研究在柑桔的引种试种、优质生产中的重要性．     

GOES IR AND DUMMY VARIABLE TECHNIQUES FOR LOW TEMPERATURE ASSESSMENT IN FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) thermal infrared (IR) data were used to study regional cold nocturnal temperature fluctuations that are important in assessing citrus freeze damage. Dummy variables techniques were used to analyze the temperature difference between the east and west sides of Central Florida, which was obtained from both ground measurement minimum temperature (T_GMM) and the GOES mean temperature (T_GOES) on low-temperature nights. The low temperature pattern, which was closely related to the citrus freeze damage pattern in Central Florida, was identified by GOES thermal IR data but not by conventional ground measurements. The low surface temperature in the west side and east side appears to be attributable to differences in soil types, water tables, and drainage classes in both regions.     

不同经营年限对柑橘果园土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

土壤有机碳库是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,其积累和分解的变化直接影响全球的碳平衡。果园是我国重要的土地利用类型之一,果园面积占我国土地总面积的1.15%。因此,研究果园土壤有机碳库的演变规律,对于准确评估我国陆地生态系统的固碳潜力具有重要的科学意义。利用时空替代和物理、化学分组的方法比较研究不同经营年限对柑橘果园土壤有机碳库及其组分的影响,旨为果园土壤固碳增汇机理研究提供科学依据。利用时空替代法和物理化学分组的方法比较研究经营年限对柑橘果园土壤有机碳库及其组分的影响。结果表明：50年代柑橘果园0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层颗粒有机碳和轻组有机碳含量分别比80年代柑橘果园提高了9.6%和23.60%、2.57%和3.63%,其中对0~20 cm土层的影响显著高于20~40 cm,说明果园经营干扰对土壤活性有机碳的影响随着土层的加深而降低。50年代柑橘果园0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量比80年代果园提高27.2%,可溶性有机碳提高20.1%,微生物生物量碳提高5.3%;50年代柑橘园0~100 cm土层有机碳储量比80年代柑橘园提高30.3%,但50年代柑橘园的土壤颗粒有机碳、轻组有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳占总有机碳的比率均低于80年代柑橘园,说明当种植年限超过30年后,随着种植年限增加,果园土壤有机碳质量存在退化的风险。     

氮沉降对缙云山柑橘林不同季节土壤微生物群落结构的影响

土壤微生物积极参与生态系统的物质循环和转化.人类活动造成全球氮沉降量激增,引起土壤微生物群落结构和功能的改变,进而导致生态系统失衡.2014年6月—2015年5月在缙云山柑橘林建立野外模拟氮沉降试验样地,原位设置4个施肥水平:对照(N0,0 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1))(以N计,下同)、低氮(N20,20 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)),中氮(N4 0,40 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1))和高氮(N60,60 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)).施氮处理2 d后,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)标记法和ACE(Automated Soil CO_2Exchange Station,UK)自动土壤呼吸监测系统对土壤微生物群落结构、土壤温湿度进行测定.研究表明:(1)不同季节土壤微生物对氮沉降的响应各异,春季氮沉降抑制土壤微生物量,夏、秋、冬季N40处理提高了土壤微生物量,N20、N60表现为抑制土壤微生物量;氮沉降对土壤温度有显著影响,但对土壤湿度影响不明显(p0.05).(2)土壤微生物丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在中氮沉降条件下达最大;Pielou均匀度指数则表现不一致,春季和夏季在中氮浓度下最大,秋季在高氮处理下最大,冬季则在低氮处理下最大.(3)土壤温度与放线菌呈显著负相关(p0.01);土壤湿度与细菌和总PLFA呈显著正相关(p0.01),与放线菌呈显著正相关(p0.05).综合分析表明,土壤微生物受土壤温度和含水量的共同影响,氮沉降降低了土壤微生物含量,此研究结果支持了氮沉降抑制土壤微生物的认识.