改性玉米秸秆吸附Cu2+的动力学和热力学

本研究用ZnCl2作为活化剂,使用功率640 W的微波照射4 min的方法制备改性玉米秸秆。考察投加量、pH、吸附时间对吸附性能的影响,并对等温吸附特征、吸附动力学和热力学进行了系统研究。结果表明:投加量为0.2 g,pH为6,改性玉米秸秆对Cu2+具有很好的吸附效果,吸附在8 h后达到平衡。该吸附过程符合Langmuir及Freundlich等温吸附模型和准二级动力学方程,其反应的吉布斯自由能△G<0,为自发反应过程。     

The presence of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) protein in earthworms Eisenia fetida has no deleterious effects on their growth and reproduction

Earthworms Eisenia fetida, bred in substances with stover of two genetically-engineered Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corns (5422Bt1 (Event Bt11) and 5422CBCL (MON810)) expressing Cry1Ab and their near-isogenic non-Bt corn (5422), were used to investigate the non-target effects of Bt corn on soil-dwelling organisms. Cry1Ab concentrations in substances, casts and guts of E. fetida were also investigated by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). More than 90% individuals of E. fetida survived over a period of 30 d, irrespective of whether they received Bt corn or non-Bt corn. Compared to 5422 treatments, significantly higher relative growth rate and more number of new offspring and cocoons of E. fetida were found in 5422Bt1 and 5422CBCL treatments. These results were unlikely to be directly caused by Cry1Ab released from Bt corns but rather by differences in other factors of plants such as plant components (soluble sugar, total organic carbon, total protein and available phosphorus of Bt corns were more than 5422). ELISA results indicated immunoreactive Cry1Ab was detectable in substances, and the casts, guts of E. fetida from Bt corns treatments, of which the highest levels were detected in substances under the corresponding experimental conditions. With the increase of treated time, a strong decline was observed in Cry1Ab from substances and casts of E. fetida, whereas Cry1Ab in guts of E. fetida from 5422Bt1 treatments gradually increased and that from 5422CBCL treatments increased between 14 and 30 d. Therefore, the presence of Cry1Ab in E. fetida had no deleterious effects on their growth and reproduction.     

玉米深加工废水的混凝实验

在室温条件下,分别选用聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)及三氯化铁(FeCl3)对玉米深加工废水进行混凝实验。综合考虑各种混凝剂对磷、COD以及SS的去除效果,最终选取PAC作为混凝剂。采用PAC和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作为复合混凝剂,对其去除效果做进一步研究,并确定了最佳投加量及pH值。实验结果表明,在PAC投加量25mg/L,PAM投加量0.5 mg/L,pH为8条件下,混凝效果最佳。磷、COD、SS去除率可分别达到90.1%、53.3%和88.2%,对应的出水质量浓度分别为0.41、26.8和2 mg/L。     

Biomass and nutrient concentration of sweet corn roots and shoots under organic amendments application

Two field experiments were conducted at the Waimanalo research station on the island of O'ahu, Hawaii to study the effect of chicken (CM) and dairy (DM) manures on biomass and nutrient concentration in sweet corn roots and shoots. Sweet corn (super sweet 10, Zea Mays L. subsp. mays) was grown for two consecutive growing seasons under four rates of application (0, 168, 337, and 672 kg ha^{? 1} total N equivalent) and one time (OTA) or two time (TTA) applications of organic manure types and rates. There were significant effects of types, rates, and number of manure applications on dry biomass and macro- and micro-nutrient concentration in roots and shoots tissues. Results of root tissue indicated a significant accumulation of N and C under CM and DM treatments compared with the control treatment. Manure application rates significantly increased the accumulation of N and C in root tissue. Dry weight of roots and shoots and both macro- and micro-nutrient contents in the plant tissues significantly increased under TTA treatment compared with OTA treatment. There was a significant correlation (r² = 0.46 to 0.81) between root biomass, macro-, and micro-nutrient contents during both growing seasons. The results of the study indicates that amending soils with CM at the highest application rate provided the best crop performance in terms of root and shoot biomass, crop N, C, and other macro- and micro-nutrients.     

3种生物质炭对活性艳蓝KN-R的吸附简

选择由玉米秸秆、稻壳和稻草秸秆在825℃制成的生物质炭作为吸附剂，通过模拟实验，研究其对溶液中活性艳蓝KN-R的吸附特性，考察了pH值、时间、溶液初始浓度和生物质炭用量对吸附效果的影响。结果表明，当pH为2.0时，玉米秸秆炭和稻壳炭对活性艳蓝的吸附量均达到最大，而pH对稻草秸秆炭的影响不大；三者达到吸附平衡的时间分别为180、300和360 min，最大吸附量分别为114.05、54.60和68.19 mg/g。等温吸附过程可以用Langmuir方程来描述；动力学实验表明，吸附过程更符合拟二级动力学模型；热力学数据分析发现，吸附过程是自发进行的吸热过程。     

碱液预处理玉米秸秆的条件优化及添加剂的选择

利用稀NaOH溶液预处理玉米秸秆,以去除木质素,减少半纤维素、纤维素的损失为目的,采用响应曲面法对预处理条件进行优化,得到的最佳预处理条件为:NaOH溶液浓度0.77%(w/w),预处理时间16 h,温度45.6℃。并且,进一步研究了不同添加剂(聚乙二醇、吐温-80和尿素)与NaOH溶液协同作用下秸秆中木质素的去除效果,结果表明尿素与NaOH的混合溶液对木质素去除效果最显著。秸秆在45.6℃,0.77%NaOH和0.2%尿素混合溶液中浸泡16 h后,纤维素回收率为86.33%,半纤维素回收率为69.89%,木质素去除率为64.93%;与原秸秆相比,纤维素含量提高了31.70%,半纤维素含量提高了6.62%,木质素含量减少了46.48%。     

玉米叶吸附剂对水溶液中Pb2+的吸附性能研究

研究了玉米叶对水溶液中Pb2+的吸附性能,借助正交和单因素试验探讨各因素对吸附率的影响,利用红外光谱研究吸附机理,并采用Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin模型对吸附数据进行拟合.结果表明:金属初始质量浓度和体系pH值是影响吸附的重要因素;玉米叶吸附铅离子的最佳pH值为5.0,金属质量浓度和吸附剂投加量最佳比值为80 mg/L:0.170 g,在25℃时玉米叶对铅离子的吸附较快,180min后达到吸附平衡;吸附数据更加符合Freundlich和Temkin等温吸附模型,由Langmuir等温吸附模型可知玉米叶最大吸附量为103.266mg/g,吉布斯自由能△Ge为负值,该过程吸热且自发进行.红外光谱分析表明,参与作用的官能团为羟基、羧基、酰胺或脂肪族C-x(x代表Cl、Br、I).     

秸秆添加对厨余垃圾堆肥时H_2S和NH_3排放的影响

厨余垃圾堆肥过程中NH3和H2S的排放不但降低了堆肥的养分含量,而且会引发严重的恶臭。以厨余垃圾为研究对象,以玉米秸秆为膨松剂,设置5%、10%、15%、20%(质量分数)4个添加比例(湿基)的堆肥处理,研究秸秆添加量对厨余垃圾堆肥过程中H2S和NH3排放的影响。结果表明:从温度来看,仅T4处理未达到无害化和腐熟的要求。氧气不足是造成H2S排放的主要原因,4个堆肥处理的H2S主要集中在前2周排放,随着秸秆添加量的增加,H2S的排放量逐渐降低。与T1处理相比,T2、T3、T4的H2S累积排放量分别降低了35.5%、44.7%、64.2%。各处理NH3的排放趋势与H2S类似,高温期为NH3释放的关键时期,NH3累积释放量占总释放量的62.2%~72.2%,与T1处理相比,T2、T3和T4的NH3累积排放量分别降低了36.9%、45.2%、76.3%。由此可见,添加适量的玉米秸秆不但能促进厨余垃圾堆肥的进行,明显降低堆肥过程中H2S和NH3的排放,而且可以实现玉米秸秆的资源化利用。     

玉米秸秆生物炭改善污泥脱水性能

本实验以玉米秸秆为原料,制备了生物炭和AlCl₃改性生物炭,研究了2种生物炭分别调理污泥后的脱水效果,并探讨了污泥脱水性能的改善机理.结果表明,经过2种生物炭调理后,污泥比阻（SRF）、泥饼含水率（MC）、污泥沉降体积指数（SV₃₀）、毛细抽吸时间（CST）均下降,污泥净产率（Y_N）升高,说明污泥脱水性能得到了改善,且AlCl₃改性生物炭对污泥脱水性能的改善效果明显优于生物炭.当AlCl₃（溶液浓度3mol/L）改性生物炭的用量为3g/L时,调理后的污泥SRF,MC,SV₃₀,CST分别降低至1.3×10¹²m/kg,81.9%,78.6%,35s,Y_N增加至17.8kg/（m²·h）.分析原因：一方面,经过生物炭调理后,泥饼中会形成一定的骨架结构,使得污泥中的水和EPS能够更容易地释放;另一方面,经过AlCl₃改性后,改性生物炭携带的正电荷（Al³⁺）能够与污泥颗粒所带的负电荷发生电中和作用,使得污泥颗粒更容易聚集,从而提高污泥的脱水效果.