施肥模式对砂姜黑土区土壤种子库影响的研究

通过对砂浆黑土区小麦-大豆轮作制地不同施肥模式的杂草土壤种子库（0～15 cm）进行调查,分析种子库的大小、组成、多样性等特征,探讨施肥模式与群落演替速率之间的关系。结果表明,施肥模式显著影响着土壤种子库的大小、组成、多样性、群落演替速率。土壤样品中共检出杂草种子18种,隶属于11科,且各处理优势种组成差异明显。种子库密度按NPK〉NP〉NK〉CK〉PK顺序依次递减且差异极显著（P〈0.01）。各处理物种组成不同,种数按CK〉NPK〉PK=NK〉NP顺序依次递减,群落均匀度指数按NP〉CK〉NK〉PK〉NPK顺序依次递减且差异显著（P〈0.05）,物种多样性指数按CK〉NP〉NK〉PK〉NPK顺序依次递减,群落优势度指数按NPK〉PK=NK〉CK〉NP顺序依次递减。我们初步认为适应与竞争机制影响土壤种子库的物种组成、密度的差异;施肥模式间土壤种子库的优势种变化尤为突出,引起均匀度的改变,导致施肥模式下土壤种子库多样性的差异。Whittaker指数按CK〈NPK〈PK=NK〈NP顺序依次增大,表明土壤种子库的群落演替速率依次加快,说明长期平衡施肥模式（NPK）对土壤种子库群落的影响明显小于PK、NP、NK施肥处理,群落结构较PK、NP、NK施肥处理更稳定。气候、取样时间、除草剂等因素导致年际间、种植季间的杂草土壤种子库特征差异明显。本研究认为长期平衡施肥既有利于作物的优质高产,也有利于农田土壤种子库群落的稳定,是建立合理、高效、稳定的农业生态系统以及取得良好的经济效益和生态效益的重要施肥方式。     

抗生素类药物对土壤微生物呼吸的影响

为评价抗生素类药物对土壤生态环境的影响,通过室内直接吸收法测定了磺胺、四环素、大环内酯类等几类抗生素对水稻土土壤微生物呼吸的影响.结果表明,磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺甲唑、氯四环素、四环素、泰乐菌素、甲氧苄啶对土壤呼吸的最大抑制率分别为34.33％、 34.43％、 2.71％、 3.08％、 7.13％、 38.08％,以磺胺甲唑和甲氧苄啶对土壤呼吸影响最大.在试验早期(0～2 d),磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺甲唑和甲氧苄啶的≥10 mg·kg^-1处理显著抑制土壤呼吸.同一种抗生素随着浓度的增加对土壤呼吸的影响不同,磺胺甲唑与甲氧苄啶对土壤呼吸的影响表现出很好的剂量依赖效应.参考农药的安全性评价标准,可以认为试验中各抗生素属于低毒或无实际危害的药物.     

CaF2高温分解特性试验研究

作为燃煤和砖瓦烧制过程中钙基固氟剂燃烧固氟的最终产物CaF₂,其高温稳定特性对固氟效率有重要影响本义在固定床反应器上采用气态氟化物直接吸收分析法,结合XRD、DTA法对CaF₂晶体粉末在大气、干燥大气和饱和大气下的高温稳定性进行了实验研究.结果表明,在高温条件下CaF₂发生水解反应,水解反应起始温度830±10℃,水解率随燃烧温度和停留时间的增加而增加,空气中水蒸气含量对水解率有显著影响.动力学计算表明温度在850℃～1350℃范围内水解反应为一级反应,反应活化能E=115±2kJ/mol.研究结果对燃煤和砖瓦烧制过程中高温高效钙基燃烧固氟剂的开发有指导意义.     

Valuation of natural capital under uncertain substitutability

Natural capital is complex to value notably because of the high uncertainties surrounding the substitutability of its future ecosystem services. We examine a Lucas economy in which a consumption good is produced by combining different inputs, one of them being an ecosystem service that is partially substitutable with other inputs. The growth rate of these inputs and the elasticity of substitution evolve in a stochastic way. We characterize the socially efficient ecological discount rates that should be used to value future ecosystem services at different time horizons. We show that the inverse of the elasticity of substitution can be interpreted as the CCAPM beta of natural capital. We also show that any increase in risk of this beta reduces the ecological discount rate. If our collective beliefs about the elasticity of substitution of ecosystem services are Gaussian, the ecological discount rates go to minus infinity for finite maturities. In that case, a marginal increase in natural capital has an infinite value. We provide a realistic calibration of the model that is coherent with observed asset prices by using the model of extreme events of Barro (2006). The bliss maturity for infinite discount factors is less than 100 years in this calibration.     

The real effect of legal institutions: Environmental courts and firm environmental protection expenditure

This paper evaluates the real effects of environmental justice reform on environmental governance at the firm level. Using the establishment of environmental courts in China as a quasi-natural experiment, our difference-in-differences estimation shows that: (1) environmental courts significantly enhance environmental investment by firms, and this relationship is robust to different specifications and alternative measures; (2) three possible channels are the improved levels of justice and enforcement of environmental protection, and the mitigation of local government intervention; (3) our findings are particularly pronounced in subsamples with severe local protectionism, state-owned enterprises (SOEs), and non-SOEs with political connections; (4) at the city-level, environmental courts significantly increase air quality and promote cities to cross the inflection point of the environmental Kuznets curve earlier. Overall, this paper reveals the micro-mechanisms behind the real effects of environmental justice on firm environmental investment, thus providing timely implications for regulators concerned with environmental protection.     

The usability of oxidative stress and detoxification biomarkers in Gammarus pulex for ecological risk assessment of textile dye methyl orange

The present study was undertaken to determine the toxicity of the methyl orange by using the changes of some antioxidant and detoxification enzyme activities in Gammarus pulex. Lethal Concentration (LC) value of Methyl Orange (MO) was determined. Three sublethal doses of MO (1/4; 1/8 and 1/16 of LC value) were exposed to G. pulex for 24 and 96?h. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-P_X), Cytochrome p450 (CYP1A1), Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities as well as Glutathione (GSH) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined by using The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The CAT and CYP1A1 activities were decreased in all the groups exposed to different doses of MO. GST activity and GSH, MDA levels were increased all the groups exposed to different doses of MO. The GSH-P_X activities were changed in all the groups. MO affected SOD activity at different levels and in different concentrations. In our study, it has been found that exposure duration didn’t significantly affect the biochemical biomarkers except for GST and GSH. In conclusion, alterations in antioxidant and detoxification enzymes and lipid peroxidation may potentially be used as sensitive biomarkers for risk assessment of dyes in the environment and may contribute to the establishment of discharge regulations.     

爆破制浆造纸综合废水处理工艺研究

爆破浆经二级挤浆提取黑液,黑液经三效真空蒸发浓缩后,送锅炉内燃烧,每立方浓黑液可节煤91.06 kg。提取黑液后造纸综合废水COD质量浓度可控制在1 250～1 450 mg/L,经"加药沉淀+水解酸化+SBR"工艺处理,可使废水COD排放质量浓度稳定低于100 mg/L。     

天津夏季黑碳气溶胶及其吸收特性的观测研究

利用天津城市边界层观测站2010年8月12日~9月18日期间的黑碳、污染物和气象梯度观测数据,分析天津市夏季黑碳气溶胶浓度的变化特征及其影响因子.结果表明, 观测期间,黑碳气溶胶浓度均值为6.309mg/m3,占PM10质量浓度的4.17%,其吸收消光占气溶胶总体消光的10.23%.受人类活动和边界层结构影响,黑碳气溶胶浓度日变化呈双峰型,7:00达到峰值,14:00~16:00最小,20:00达到次高峰.黑碳气溶胶浓度随风速增加呈下降趋势,当风速超过4m/s时,浓度一般低于5mg/m3,西风及西北风对天津城区黑碳气溶胶输送作用明显,其出现大于10mg/m3的高黑碳气溶胶事件概率为18.07%;逆温和大气稳定易造成黑碳气溶胶在近地层的堆积,形成高污染事件.     

Catalytic fast pyrolysis of Kraft lignin with HZSM-5 zeolite for producing aromatic hydrocarbons

Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) of Kraft lignins with HZSM-5 zeolite for producing aromatics was investigated using analytical pyrolysis methods. Two Kraft lignins were fast pyrolyzed in the absence and presence of HZSM-5 in a Curie-point pyrolyzer. Without the catalyst, fast pyrolysis of lignin predominantly produced phenols and guaiacols that were derived from the subunits of lignin. However, the presence of HZSM-5 changed the product distribution dramatically. As the SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio of HZSM-5 decreased from 200 to 25 and the catalyst-to-lignin ratio increased from 1 to 20, the lignin-derived oxygenates progressively decreased to trace and the aromatics increased substantially. The aromatic yield increased considerably as the pyrolysis temperature increased from 500°C to 650°C, but then decreased with yet further increase of pyrolysis temperature. Under optimal reaction conditions, the aromatic yields were 2.0 wt.% and 5.2 wt.% for the two lignins that had effective hydrogen indexes of 0.08 and 0.35.     

COVID-19疫情期间北京市两次重霾污染过程大气污染物演变特征及潜在源区分析

新冠肺炎疫情（COVID-19）期间,执行了严格居家隔离措施,人为排放源急剧降低,但北京仍出现了两次持续重霾污染过程.本研究使用北京市大气污染物、气溶胶数浓度和气象要素数据,结合气团轨迹模式（HYSPLIT）,计算了潜在源贡献因子（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）,分析了两次重霾污染过程中大气污染物的演变特征及其潜在源区贡献.结果表明,COVID-19期间居家隔离措施对PM_2.5和黑碳（BC）的日变化特征影响较大,对CO、NO₂、SO₂和O₃的日变化影响较小.两次重霾污染过程首要污染物均是PM_2.5,污染过程1主要是以局地污染为主,污染过程2以局地污染和外来输送为主.不同过程下气溶胶数浓度谱分布均为单峰型分布,峰值位于0.3 μm,在污染过程中主要是0.2~0.5 μm粒径气溶胶数浓度增加,是干净日的3.3~13.6倍.不同过程中BC_liquid对BC的贡献为64.8%~85.1%.BC_liquid的浓度为：污染过程2（5.04 μg ·m^-3）>污染过程1（3.20 μg ·m^-3）>干净日（疫情前,2.31 μg ·m^-3）>干净日（疫情,0.76 μg ·m^-3）.不同过程中PM_2.5和BC的PSCF和CWT分布特征不同.PM_2.5的PSCF高值区在干净日（疫情前）和干净日（疫情）主要分布在北京的西南方和西部,权重浓度超过30 μg ·m^-3;在污染过程1和污染过程2主要分布在北京及其周边地区和西南部,权重浓度均超过90 μg ·m^-3.BC的PSCF高值区在干净日（疫情前）、干净日（疫情）和污染过程1主要分布在北京及其周边地区,权重浓度分别超过2.4、0.9和4.5 μg ·m^-3;在污染过程2中分布在北京西南部,权重浓度超过5μg ·m^-3.