Numerical simulation of smoke plumes from large oil fires

A large eddy simulation (LES) model of smoke plumes generated by large outdoor pool fires is presented. The plume is described in terms of steady-state convective transport by a uniform ambient wind of heated gases and particulate matter introduced into a stably stratified atmosphere by a continuously burning fire. The Navier-Stokes equations in the Boussinesq approximation are solved numerically with a constant eddy viscosity representing dissipation on length scales below the resolution limits of the calculation. The effective Reynolds number is high enough to permit direct simulation of the large-scale mixing over two to three orders of magnitude in length scale. Particulate matter, or any non-reacting combustion ;product, is represented by Lagrangian particles which are advected by the fire-induced flow field. Background atmospheric motion is described in terms of the angular fluctuation of the prevailing wind, and represented by random perturbations to the mean particle paths. Results of the model are compared with two sets of field experiments.     

LES – DFSD modelling of vented hydrogen explosions in a small-scale combustion chamber

Accidental explosions are a plausible danger to the chemical process industries. In the event of a gas explosion, any obstacles placed within the path of the flame generate turbulence, which accelerates the transient flame and raises explosion overpressure, posing a safety hazard. This paper presents numerical studies using an in-house computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for lean premixed hydrogen/air flame propagations with an equivalence ratio of 0.7. A laboratory-scale combustion chamber is used with repeated solid obstacles. The transient compressible large eddy simulation (LES) modelling technique combined with a dynamic flame surface density (DFSD) combustion model is used to carry out the numerical simulations in three-dimensional space. The study presented uses eight different baffle configurations with two solid obstructions, which have area blockage ratios of 0.24 and 0.5. The flame speed, maximum rate of pressure-rise as well as peak overpressure magnitude and timing are presented and discussed. Numerical results are validated against available published experimental data. It is concluded that, increasing the solid obstacle area blockage ratio and the number of consecutive baffles results in a raised maximum rate of pressure rise, higher peak explosion overpressure and faster flame propagation. Future model development would require more experimental data, probably in a more congested configuration.     

自然通风房间内细水雾与油池火作用的数值模拟

采用大涡模拟、混合物分数燃烧模型和欧拉-拉格朗日粒子运动描述法,对自然通风房间内细水雾与油池火焰作用过程进行数值模拟;探讨细水雾在火羽流的不同区域内的灭火机理;分析雾滴直径在自然通风条件下对细水雾灭火效果的影响。模拟结果表明:细水雾冷却热烟气层分为温度迅速降低和缓慢下降两个阶段;在间歇火焰区和浮力羽流区以及热烟气层主要发挥细水雾的蒸发冷却作用,在恒定火焰区则是蒸发冷却和隔氧窒息共同作用;着火区域封闭性较差时,直径较小的水雾系统的灭火效果较低。     

复杂山区地形高含硫气井安全防护距离研究

通过对国内某重大高含硫井喷事故进行调查,采用大涡模拟方法对3口井井喷气体扩散进行模拟,计算不同风速风向在事故中造成的灾难后果,得出地形因素对于灾难的影响。通过计算不同浓度下的扩散距离,提出分析及计算安全防护距离的方法。根据计算结果的综合分析可以看到,其浓度扩散的最远距离位于带状分布以内。     

Field comparison of disjunct and conventional eddy covariance techniques for trace gas flux measurements

A field intercomparison experiment of the disjunct eddy covariance (DEC) and the conventional eddy covariance (EC) techniques was conducted over a grass field. The half-hourly water vapor fluxes measured by the DEC were within the estimated uncertainty from the fluxes measured by the EC. On the average there was a slight overestimation (<10%) of the fluxes measured by the DEC during the day and underestimation during the night as compared to the fluxes measured by the EC. As this bias does not appear in the simulated DEC measurements it is likely to be due to instrumental problems. The insensitivity of the quality of the fluxes measured by the DEC method to the deficiencies in the gas analysis shows the robustness of this new approach for measuring the surface-atmosphere exchange of trace gases.     

基于风险的工业管道在线检测技术研究

化工装置工业管道面临焊接和腐蚀两大问题,装置的长期运行与管道定期检验的矛盾日益突出.通过对数字射线、脉冲涡流、超声导波三种管道在线检测技术的对比分析,结合基于风险的检验(RBI)理念,探索出一套适用于工业管道在线检验的技术,对节约企业成本、保障管道安全具有重要意义.     

不同季节对中庭火灾烟气沉降的影响研究

模拟了典型中庭建筑火灾烟气的充填过程。对比了不同季节条件下（不同的顶棚温度和不同的室内温度）的烟气沉降过程。数值模拟结果表明，在顶棚温度不同的情况下，低温顶棚会加速烟气的沉降，烟气层的平均温度和碳黑浓度都降低，而高温顶棚则会减慢烟气的沉降，烟气层的平均温度和碳黑浓度则会升高。在不同的室内温度情况下，温度的变化对烟气的沉降速度没有明显的影响，但对烟气层的平均温度影响较大，低室温条件降低了烟气层的平均温度，在一定程度上降低了火灾的危险性。     

夏季南海北部典型中尺度物理过程对营养盐及溶解氧分布特征的影响

依据2011年8月24日—9月5日对南海北部海域的现场调查,分析了涡旋这一典型中尺度物理过程对营养盐(NO-3-N,PO3-4-P,SiO2-3-Si)及溶解氧分布特征的影响.结果表明,夏季南海北部营养盐及溶解氧的分布受中尺度海洋过程的影响显著.在水平分布上,各项营养盐基本呈现近海高远海低的分布特征.东沙群岛附近海域由于受反气旋型涡旋的影响,反气旋型涡旋将珠江口水推至外海,使得东沙群岛附近海域呈现明显的高N、Si,低P的珠江口水特征.在断面分布上,位于珠江口附近海域的B、C断面营养盐浓度水平较低,表层低浓度营养盐向下扩张明显,营养盐浓度等深线也明显下移,其可能受到反气旋型涡旋中心区域的影响;而位于海南岛附近海域的D、F断面,底层低温高盐海水不断向上涌升,可能受到反气旋型涡旋边缘的影响,使得表层海水受到富含高浓度营养盐的底层海水的补充,为表层浮游植物的生长提供了丰富的物质基础.位于广东沿岸附近海域的A断面及东沙群岛附近海域的E断面则受季节性上升流的影响大于反气旋型涡旋的影响,表现出明显的低温、高盐、高P、低溶解氧的上升流特征.     

Evaluation of the parameters influencing electrostatic charging of powder in a pipe flow

Triboelectric charging of powders during pneumatic transport can lead to hazardous spark discharges. In this study, the charging process was studied numerically by means of large eddy simulations. A range of design parameters was then analyzed statistically applying the Design of Experiments methodology. It is shown that the electric charge of the powder can be significantly decreased by reducing the conveying air velocity. Furthermore, the usage of pipes of a larger diameter and the application of higher solid mass flow rates also reduce the powder charge.     

基于PECT的金属保护层重合处干扰研究

对实际工业现场的有包覆层设备开展脉冲涡流检测(PECT),发现包覆层的外部金属保护层搭接重合处对检测结果造成干扰;利用试验手段,分别在金属保护层采用非铁磁性材质的铝皮及铁磁性材质的白铁皮条件下进行干扰试验;研究结果表明,当金属保护层为铝皮时,各段保护层搭接重合处引起的干扰信号可通过直接观察检测结果的晚期时窗信号直接进行滤除,不影响缺陷的检出;而当金属保护层为白铁皮时,由各段保护层搭接重合处引起的干扰信号无法滤除,故当缺陷位于重合处时则无法检测.