Deciphering the effect of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate on up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket treatment of synthetic sulfate-containing wastewater

• UASB reactor can work efficiently with high COD/SO₄^2- ratios when SDBS exists. • Outcome of the competition between SRB and MPA was affected by SDBS. • Presence of SDBS makes methanogens with H₂/CO₂ as a substrate dominant. • Microbial diversity decreases in the presence of SDBS. In this study, the effects of organic sulfur on anaerobic biological processes were investigated by operating two up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors with sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) as a representative of organic sulfur. The results indicated that the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of R2 (with SDBS added) were higher than those of R1 (without SDBS) when the COD/SO₄²⁻ ratio was above 5.0. However, when the COD/SO₄²⁻ ratio was lower than 5.0, the sulfate reduction efficiency of R2 was higher than that of R1. These results and the observed SDBS transformation efficiency in anaerobic reactors indicate that low concentrations of SDBS accelerate methane production and the continuous accumulation of SDBS does not weaken the reduction of sulfate. Similarly, the calculated electron flux for a COD/SO₄²⁻ ratio of 1.0 indicates that the utilization intensity of electrons by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in R2 was 36.48% higher than that of SRB in R1 and exceeded that of methane-producing archaea (MPA) under identical working conditions. Moreover, the addition of SDBS in R2 made sulfidogenesis the dominant reaction at low COD/SO₄²⁻, and Methanobacterium and Methanobrevibacter with H₂/CO₂ as the substrate and Desulfomicrobium were the dominant MPA and SRB, respectively. However, methanogenesis was still the dominant reaction in R1, and Methanosaeta with acetic acid as the substrate and Desulfovibrio were the dominant MPA and SRB, respectively.     

石河子市大气硫酸盐化速率与二氧化硫浓度的相关性分析

对石河子市2000-2002年间硫酸盐化速率与二氧化硫监测数据进行了相关分析,结果表明,二者浓度之间具有显著的相关性。并由此建立了符合各监测点环境状况的回归方程。     

Neurological and neuropsychological deterioration in artisanal gold miners from the town of Andacollo,Chile

It is widely known that human exposure to mercury vapor can cause neurological and neuropsychological deterioration. We have investigated if a population of Chilean artisanal gold-mining workers heavily exposed to elemental mercury (Hg⁰) display neurological and neuropsychological impairment. Male volunteers occupationally exposed to Hg⁰ (“gold miners”, n = 35) were recruited and compared with a group of unexposed workers (n = 40). Blood specimens were obtained from both groups for total mercury quantification. Upon neurological examination, 71% of the “gold miners” group showed abnormalities expressed as frontal impairment, tremor, or simultaneously frontal impairment, parkinsonism, and pyramidal syndrome. In contrast, only 16% of the individuals in the control group displayed neurological abnormalities. The “gold miners” group also showed impairment of the neuropsychological performance and the distribution of abnormal scores for almost all the neuropsychological tests applied was significantly higher in this group compared to the control group. Educational level, alcohol intake, and smoking habits did not influence the outcome of the neurological or neuropsychological examinations. Finally, despite that the higher blood mercury concentrations were found in the “gold miners” group, they were not significantly different from the values obtained in the control group.     

Airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at industrial,high- and low-density residential sites in a Nigerian megacity

Abstract

Airborne particulate matter PM_2.5 was collected in an industrial, a low-density, and a high-density residential area of Lagos from December 2010 to November 2011, and elemental composition was determined by proton-induced X-ray emission. Across the months, mass concentrations ranged from 13 to 237?µg?m^?3, exceeding the World Health Organization guideline value of 10?µg?m^?3. Data on 24 elements were obtained, with maximum values during Harmattan season months; source identification and apportionment studies by positive matrix factorization suggested that petroleum oil combustion (70%) was the major source of PM_2.5 and could pose a great hazard to Lagos receptors.     

Photochemical transformations of selected organic chemicals in two phase system

The photodegradation of some aromatic sulfur compounds dissolved in n‐hexane and spread as a thin liquid film on water was investigated. Dibenzothiophene and diphenylsulfide were found to be the most reactive towards photooxidation process among the compounds studied. The degraded compounds were investigated by HPLC and GC/MS.     

我国空气污染物人为源排放清单对比

空气污染物排放清单是影响数值模式结果准确性的关键因子之一. 定义不同排放清单中同一污染物排放量最大值与最小值之差与平均值的比值为差异度,对比分析了4个国内外广泛应用的人为污染源排放清单(TRACE-P、INTEX-B、REAS1.1和REAS2.0). 结果表明:INTEX-B、REAS1.1和REAS2.0清单中给出的2006—2007年我国(不包括港澳台地区数据)SO₂排放量差异度为12%,而在SO₂排放量较大的省份(如山东、河北和河南等)差异度达30%以上; NO_x和NMVOC(非甲烷挥发性有机物)的排放量差异度分别为51%和30%,在山东、江苏、浙江、北京和上海等经济较发达地区的差异度达到20%~80%. 相对于2000年的排放清单,2006—2007年排放清单各污染物的排放量增长明显,SO₂、NO_x和NMVOC的排放量在INTEX-B、REAS1.1和REAS2.0清单中的平均值分别为TRACE-P清单的1.6、1.9和1.5倍. 近年来经济的高速发展、能源消耗的增长和空气污染控制技术的应用等都会影响人为活动水平和排放因子的选取,这也是造成排放清单间存在差异的主要原因.      

天津市典型城区大气碳质颗粒物的粒径分布特征和来源

为分析天津市典型城区大气碳质颗粒物的粒径分布及其来源,于2009年12月—2010年11月采用9级惯性撞击式分级采样器对大气颗粒物进行采样,采用热光碳分析仪分析了颗粒物中的EC(元素碳)和OC(有机碳)的质量浓度. 结果表明:天津市典型城区大气颗粒物中EC和OC主要存在于细颗粒物中,在≤2.1μm的4个细粒径段中,ρ(EC)的加和年均值为(2.6±0.9)μg/m3,占PM₉(空气动力学直径≤9.0μm)ρ(TEC)的72%;ρ(OC)为(21.5±7.7)μg/m3,占PM₉中ρ(TOC)的60%. ρ(EC)和ρ(OC)季节变化显著,在≤2.1μm粒径段中,春、夏、秋、冬季的ρ(EC)分别为(1.7±0.3)、(2.1±0.4)、(3.1±0.5)和(3.7±0.5)μg/m3;ρ(OC)分别为(17.6±0.4)、(14.4±1.1)、(21.9±1.8)和(32.1±2.5)μg/m3. ρ(EC)峰值分别出现在≤0.43、>0.65~1.1和>4.7~5.8μm 3个粒径段,其中最高值出现在≤0.43μm粒径段;ρ(OC)峰值分别出现在>0.65~1.1和>4.7~5.8μm 2个粒径段,最高值出现在>0.65~1.1μm粒径段. 天津市典型城区细颗粒物中的OC、EC主要来自燃煤、机动车和烹饪排放,粗颗粒物中的OC、EC则更多来自于路面和建筑扬尘.      

电力行业多污染物协同控制的环境效益模拟

为定量分析电力行业多污染物协同控制与区域复合型大气污染之间的定量关系,评估不同控制情景下的环境质量效益,应用CMAQ空气质量模型分别对2008年基准排放情景、2015年和2020年目标控制情景的硫、氮沉降及PM_2.5污染状况进行模拟. 结果表明:2015年和2020年我国陆地硫沉降总量将由2008年的678.87×104 t分别降至602.02×104和578.26×104 t,降幅分别为11.32%和14.82%,平均每减排1 t SO₂可减少0.2～0.3 t硫沉降;2015年和2020年的陆地氮沉降总量将由2008年的1 064.67×104 t分别降至1 042.02×104和1 037.06×104 t,仅分别降低了2.13%和2.59%,但重度氮沉降区域明显缩小,2015年和2020年氮沉降强度大于5 g/m2的区域将比2008年分别降低17.12%和22.01%;2015年和2020年ρ(PM_2.5)年均值超过GB 3095─2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准(35 μg/m3)的国土面积分别仍将高达289.14×104和286.68×104 km2,与2008年(298.99×104 km2)相比,降幅分别为3.29%和4.12%,但重污染区域显著减少,并且ρ(PM_2.5)年均值超过70 μg/m3的区域将比2008年减少9.31%和12.41%.      

北京北部水源地水化学特征及硫同位素变化

分析了北京市北部水源地所在流域丰水期和枯水期的水化学特征和硫同位素变化.结果表明,研究区地表水pH值呈弱碱性,水化学组成以HCO3-和Ca2+为主,Mg2+和SO24-次之.通过对主离子组成的分析,发现研究区水化学特征的主要控制因素是岩石风化,其中绝大部分是受碳酸盐岩的影响.研究区内δ34S值在4.9‰—10.7‰之间,平均值为7.9‰,其中密云水库库区及潮河、白河δ34S平均值分别为8.7‰、6.0‰、8.2‰.研究区内SO24-离子浓度与δ34S值在一定程度上呈负相关,SO24-离子浓度十分集中,降水中的SO24-离子浓度很低,而δ34S值较高.根据质量守恒原理计算出硫元素来源于硫酸盐岩的溶解比例为30.72%—42.47%;来源于硫化物氧化的比例为21.74%—33.49%;来源于大气输入的比例为35.77%.     

近周边电厂源对北京市采暖期间SO2的贡献分析

应用中尺度气象模式(MM5)与区域多尺度空气质量模型(CAMx)的耦合模型系统,模拟研究了2005年采暖期间近北京地区电厂源排放对北京市空气质量的影响;采用SO₂贡献来源识别技术筛选了对北京市空气质量影响大的区域电厂源. 结果表明:近北京地区电厂源对北京市ρ(SO₂)的影响从南到北呈递减趋势,其对北京城区、北京全市ρ(SO₂)月均贡献值分别为6.97和6.40 μg/m3;影响北京城区ρ(SO₂)的电厂排放源主要来自张家口、唐山、天津、石家庄、廊坊和衡水等地区,占ρ(SO₂) 总贡献值的83.2%;为缓解北京采暖期间SO₂污染压力,应首先控制和削减张家口、天津、唐山、石家庄地区SO₂排放量大的电厂源.