污泥生物沥滤中硫细菌变化和胞外多聚物作用的研究

通过序批试验,分析污泥生物沥滤过程中pH值、异养菌数量变化以及硫细菌的形态,探讨了污泥中重金属在胞外多聚物(EPS)中的分布变化.结果表明,污泥经生物沥滤后异养菌大量死亡.扫描电镜和透射电镜对污泥微生物形态的观测发现,随着生物沥滤时间的延长,生物沥滤污泥明显比对照污泥中的微生物分布紧密,而且杆状和短杆状菌呈现逐渐增多趋势.生物沥滤后期出现受损的细菌胞体以及释放了细胞物质的细菌空壳.污泥沥滤液中EPS含量有所增加,沥滤过程中EPS的松散结合态与紧密结合态的比值呈现先上升后下降趋势,可反映沥滤前期细菌处于加速生长期的居多,而后期处于减速生长期的细菌逐渐增多.污泥EPS中重金属含量在生物沥滤几天后表现持续增长,Cu、Pb和Zn分布于EPS中的最高含量分别占污泥中总量的14.7%、20.3%和24.2%.延长酸化时间,EPS可被水解,而导致其中重金属含量呈现一定下降趋势.     

不同相对分子质量PBS基共聚物的降解产物对土壤微生物的影响研究

以陕西花园土为供试土样,采用室内模拟实验,在土壤中加入一定量的聚丁二酸丁二醇酯（PBS）,研究不同数均相对分子质量的PBS（Mn分别为3.46×103、8.13×103、1.60×104、3.50×104）对土壤呼吸强度,微生物（细菌（bacteria）、真菌（fungi）、放线菌（actinomycetes））数量的影响,以此来探讨PBS降解产物对土壤微生物生理特性的影响。研究结果表明：①相对分子质量为3.46×103和8.13×103的PBS在其质量分数较低时有利于土壤呼吸强度的增加,有利于细菌的生长,最大增长幅度达到40%,在其质量分数较高时有利于真菌生长,最大增长幅度达到500%。②相对分子质量为1.60×104和3.00×104的PBS随着PBS质量分数的升高,对土壤呼吸强度和微生物数量的促进作用相应增加,对土壤呼吸强度的提高幅度最大达11.6%,对真菌的提高幅度达178%。     

Characterization of the dissolved organic matter in sewage effluent of sequence batch reactor: the impact of carbon source

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) transformation in sequence batch reactor (SBR) fed with carbon sources of different biodegradability was investigated. During the biologic degradation process, the low molecular weight (MW) fraction (< 1 kDa) gradually decreased, while the refractory compounds with higher aromaticity were aggregated. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and fluorescence of excitation emission matrices (EEM) demonstrated that more biopolymers (polysaccharides or proteins) and humic-like substances were presented in the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) extracted from the SBR fed with sodium acetate or glucose, while the EPS from SBR fed with slowly biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (DOC) substratestarch had relatively less biopolymers. Comparing the EfOM in sewage effluent of three SBRs, the effluent from SBR fed with starch is more aromatic. Organic carbon with MW>1 kDa as well as the hydrophobic fraction in DOM gradually increased with the carbon sources changing from sodium acetate to glucose and starch. The DOC fractionation and the EEM all demonstrated that EfOM from the effluent of the SBR fed with starch contained more fulvic acid-like substances comparing with the SBR fed with sodium acetate and glucose.     

管网生物膜菌株胞外聚合物的提取方法比较

以饮用水管网生物膜样品中一株强成膜能力的菌株Pleomorphomonas oryzae作为研究对象,考察了8种方法(高速离心法、超声法、加热法、EDTA法、H2SO4法、NaOH法、SDS法、甲醛法)对菌株胞外聚合物(EPS)的提取效果,并结合三维荧光光谱(EEM)和傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)对提取的EPS进行成分分析.结果表明,EDTA法和H2SO4法既能提高EPS的提取效率,提取量分别为64.77 mg.g-1SS和74.43 mg.g-1SS,是离心方法提取量的1.62倍和1.86倍,又不会在提取过程中对菌株细胞造成破坏,是较为理想的EPS提取方法.EEM分析进一步证实,NaOH法对菌株细胞破坏严重,造成EPS成分变化较大.FTIR分析则说明,化学提取方法相较于物理提取方法会引入杂质对组分测定造成干扰.     

Adsorption of catechol from aqueous solution by aminated hypercrosslinked polymers

Adsorption of catechol from aqueous solution with the hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent NDA-100 and its derivatives AH-1,AH-2 and AH-3 aminated by dimethylamine, the commercial resin Amberlite XAD-4 and weakly basic anion exchanger resin D301 was compared. It was found that the aminated hypercrosslinked resins had the highest adsorption capacities among the tested polymers. The empirical Freundlich equation was successfully employed to describe the adsorption process. Specific surface area and micropore structure of the adsorbent, in company with tertiary amino groups on matrix affected the adsorption performance towards catechol. In addition, thermodynamic study was carried out to interpret the adsorption mechanism. Kinetic study testified that the tertiary amino groups on the polymer matrix could decrease the adsorption rate and increase the adsorption apparent activation energy.     

垂直流人工湿地MgFe-LDHs覆膜改性基质净化效果研究

选取生物陶粒、无烟煤、沸石3种垂直流人工湿地常用基质,采用金属摩尔比(M2+ : M3+)为2:1的MgCl2溶液和FeCl3溶液在碱性条件下共沉淀即时生成MgFe-LDHs,并将其覆膜于所选3种垂直流人工湿地基质表面;构建模拟基质试验柱,对改性前后的6种基质进行垂直流人工湿地模拟柱净化受污染湖水的小试试验,并进行对比分析.结果表明:该种针对垂直流人工湿地典型基质的MgFe-LDHs覆膜改性方式可行;改性后的3种基质对CODCr、氨氮、总磷的净化效果均有不同程度的提高;其中,无烟煤基质的覆膜改性性能最优,改性后的无烟煤基质对CODCr、氨氮、总磷的平均去除率分别超过了80%、60%和90%.     

Formation of polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated benzenes by heating of bis(2,4‐dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide

The formation of di‐, tri‐, and tetrachlorobenzenes, and di‐ to hexachlorobiphenyls was demonstrated after thermal degradation of bis(2,4‐dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide alone or in various solvents at 250 °C with yields of up to several percent. Possible radical reactions between solvents and the solute are suggested. PCB congeners are also present in silicone rubber crosslinked by this peroxide.     

The toxic and environmental evaluation of pyrolytic liquids by Allium cepa test

In this study, liquid products obtained from the pyrolysis of hazelnut shell (HS), with and without ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), were subjected to the Allium cepa test system. Pyrolysis in conjunction with the A. cepa test is a promising technology not only from the perspective of energy savings and a source of precious material, but in terms of the removal of hazardous material from the environment in safe manner. Dosages of pyrolytic liquids dissolved in water were determined according to lethal dose (LD₅₀), with three different solution concentrations. The preparates were dyed with acetocarmine. The mitotic index decreased and chromosomal aberration, especially stickiness and c-mitosis, increased with dosage and time. The addition of UHMWPE to HS in the pyrolysis process resulted in less harmful chemical agents, as observed by the relatively higher mitotic index and lower levels of chromosomal aberration.     

Regulation of soil enzyme activities in constructed wetlands under a short-term drying period

The activities of extracellular enzymes are important in understanding decomposition of soil organic matter in wetlands subjecting to drying. The activity of soil extracellular enzymes (β-glucosidase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, and phosphatase), and related physicochemical parameters were monitored in constructed freshwater wetlands during a one-month drying manipulation. Drying increased redox potential and decreased soil water content significantly (P<0.05). Higher content of soil organic matter (P<0.05) and higher concentrations of inorganic N (nitrate, P<0.01; and ammonia, P<0.001) were also observed significantly under drying condition. Soil hydrolase enzyme activities were stimulated significantly (β-glucosidase, P<0.05; N-acetylglucosaminidase, P<0.01; and phosphatase, P<0.001), and a two-phase pattern of enzyme activities was revealed under drying condition. The increase of soil enzyme activities under drying condition was significantly related to soil redox potential (P<0.001). Drying strongly affected soil enzyme activities only when soil water content remained above an optimal level for enzymatic catalysis (higher than 23% w/w), corresponding to redox potentials below 250–300 mV. Our results suggest that, under drying condition, potential enzyme activities may be regulated by redox potential, in respect to soil moisture, and consequently alter nutrient availability in wetlands.     

稀土元素(La3+)对厨余垃圾暗发酵产氢性能影响研究

通过在厨余垃圾暗发酵产氢过程中添加不同质量浓度的稀土元素La3+,考察稀土元素对产氢性能的影响。结果表明,添加一定质量浓度的La3+能促进厨余垃圾产氢效率,而高质量浓度则有抑制效应。添加La3+质量浓度为0.5 mg/L时效果最佳,产氢量和总有机酸量达到最大,分别为43.11 mL/gVS和11 871.7 mg/L,分别是对照组的1.45倍和1.24倍。添加一定量的稀土元素也能同时促进产氢污泥的胞外多聚物的生成。