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21.
Alicja Mortensen Kit Granby Folmer D. Eriksen Tommy Licht Cederberg Søren Friis-Wandall Yvonne Simonsen 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(11):797-810
With aim to provide information on chemical contaminants in byproducts in animal feed, the data from an official control by the Danish Plant Directorate during 1998–2009, were reviewed and several samples of citrus pulp and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) were additionally collected for analysis and risk assessment. The levels of contaminants in the samples from the official control were below maximum limits from EU regulations with only a few exceptions in the following groups; dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) in fish-containing byproducts and dioxins in vegetable and animal fat, hydrogen cyanide in linseed, and cadmium in sunflowers. The levels of pesticides and mycotoxins in the additionally collected samples were below maximum limits. Enniatin B (ENN B) was present in all DDGS samples. The hypothetical cases of carry-over of contamination from these byproducts were designed assuming total absorption and accumulation of the ingested contaminant in meat and milk and high exposure (a byproduct formed 15–20% of the feed ration depending on the species). The risk assessment was refined based on literature data on metabolism in relevant animal species. Risk assessment of contaminants in byproducts is generally based on a worst-case approach, as data on carry-over of a contaminant are sparse. This may lead to erroneous estimation of health hazards. The presence of ENN B in all samples of DDGS indicates that potential impact of this emerging mycotoxin on feed and food safety deserves attention. A challenge for the future is to fill up gaps in toxicological databases and improve models for carry-over of contaminants. 相似文献
22.
基于前向神经网络的广义环境系统评价普适模型 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
为了建立由水环境、空气环境、生态环境、水资源环境、灾害环境、遥感环境、社会经济环境等不同环境系统组成的广义环境系统评价都能普适、通用的神经网络模型,针对BP神经网络因收敛速度慢、易于陷入局部极值而使实用性受限的缺陷,提出以双极性sigmoid函数作为网络隐层节点(神经元)的激活函数,而网络输出为所有隐层节点输出的线性求和的前向神经网络的广义环境系统评价模型.在设置广义环境系统指标参照值和指标值规范变换式,并对指标值进行规范变换的基础上,分别构建了适用于广义环境系统评价的任意2个指标规范值的前向神经网模型(NV-FNN(2)结构)和任意3个指标规范值的前向神经网模型(NV-FNN(3)结构).而对于指标较多的广义环境系统评价,只要将多指标分解为以上2个指标和3个指标的两种简单结构的前向神经网络的广义环境系统评价模型的组合表示即可.理论分析和实例检验结果表明:该模型对任意广义环境系统的规范指标值皆普适、通用,因而使不同环境系统的评价变得简洁、统一.规范变换和优化算法相结合的建模思想和方法对简化广义环境系统评价的多元回归、投影寻踪回归、回归支持向量机和径向基神经网络建模亦有借鉴和启迪作用. 相似文献
23.
The influence of mariculture on mercury distribution in sediments and fish around Hong Kong and adjacent mainland China waters 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
To study the influence of mariculture on mercury (Hg) speciation and distribution in sediments and cultured fish around Hong Kong and adjacent mainland China waters, sediment samples were collected from six mariculture sites and the corresponding reference sites, 200-300 m away from the mariculture sites. Mariculture activities increased total mercury, organic matter, carbon, nitrogen and sulfur concentrations in the surface sediments underneath mariculture sites, possibly due to the accumulation of unconsumed fish feed and fish excretion. However, methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations and the ratio of MeHg to THg (% MeHg) in sediments underneath mariculture sites were lower than the corresponding reference sites. The % MeHg in sediments was negatively correlated (r = −0.579, p < 0.05) with organic matter (OM) content among all sites, indicating that OM may have inhibited Hg methylation in surface sediments. Three mariculture fish species were collected from each mariculture site, including red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) and snubnose pompano (Trachinotus blochii). The average MeHg concentration in fish muscle was 75 μg kg−1 (wet weight), and the dietary intake of MeHg through fish consumption for Hong Kong residents was 0.37 μg kg−1 week−1, which was lower than the corresponding WHO limits (500 μg kg−1 and 1.6 μg kg−1 week−1). 相似文献
24.
普光气田天然气净化厂是中国石化集团公司"川气东送工程"的关键组成部分,在投料试车期间,富含高浓度H2S的原料气决定了净化过程中的泄漏中毒高风险,尤其在投料试车过程中,实时监测现场H2S气体浓度是试车安全管理的关键。介绍了天然气净化厂净化工艺,分析了试车安全风险;利用安全监测系统、GasFindIR红外成像仪、有毒挥发气体分析仪等先进仪器设备建立了实时安全管理监测方法,实时监测现场H2S气体浓度。结果表明,该方法在天然气净化厂投料试车阶段发现H2S气体泄漏及时,泄漏点定位准确,泄漏量检测精确,保证了普光气田天然气净化厂投料试车作业安全的顺利进行,为高含H2S气田投料试车作业的安全管理提供了参考。 相似文献
25.
Kurt E. Richardson Nelson A. Cox Doug E. Cosby Mark E. Berrang Nicole L. Holcombe Cheryl E. Weller 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2019,54(4):313-316
The pH of Salmonella pre-enrichment media can become acidic (pH 4.0–5.0) when feeds/ingredients are incubated for 24?h. Salmonella in feed that have been stressed by heat and desiccation exhibit different pH tolerances than non-stressed cultures. Acidic conditions can result in cell injury/death and affect biochemical pathways. In this study, eight serotypes of Salmonella were grown in sterile meat and bone meal that was subjected to desiccation and heat stress. Cultures of non-stressed and stressed isolates were subsequently exposed to acidic pH from 4.0 to 7.0 in 0.5?pH increments (3 replicates/pH increment) in citrate buffer. At 6 and 24?h, serial dilutions were plated in duplicate on XLT-4 (xylose lysine tergitol-4) agar. Four serotypes showed an impaired ability to decarboxylate lysine on XLT-4. This inability to decarboxylate lysine was dependent on isolate, stress status, and incubation time. When the isolates’ ability to decarboxylate lysine was examined using biochemical tests, cultures were found to be able to decarboxylate lysine with the exception of S. Infantis. This suggests that XLT-4 contains a biochemical stressor(s) which affects the rate of decarboxylation by these Salmonella. These results suggest that acidic conditions may influence the detection and confirmation of Salmonella in feed. 相似文献
26.
27.
九孔鲍摄食江蓠与人工配合饵料的能量收支比较 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
通过投喂江蓠 (Gracilariaceaelicheniodes)和配合饵料对九孔鲍 (Haliotisdiversicoloraquatilis)的能量收支进行了比较研究 .结果表明 :两种饲料组的九孔鲍耗氧率在昼夜之间均并没有明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,九孔鲍摄食两种饵料的吸收率也没有显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,而饵料系数、蛋白质效率、总生长效率则有显著的差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) .配合饵料组的排泄能显著高于江篱组的 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而代谢能和粘液能却显著低于江篱组的 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,两组饲料的排粪能和壳能没有显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) .因壳能很少 ,在测定中可以忽略 .配合饵料组的软体部生长能显著高于江篱组的 (P <0 .0 5 ) .摄食江蓠和配合饵料的九孔鲍能量收支方程分别为 :江蓠组10 0C =(12 .76± 1.2 2 )F (76 .4 7± 5 .33)R (2 .74± 0 .4 0 )U (6 .75± 0 .4 6 )M (2 .78± 0 .4 8)Pg (0 .0 3±0 .0 1)Psh- (1.5 3± 4 .19)配合饵料组10 0C =(12 .15± 1.6 9)F (5 4 .94± 5 .10 )R (4.5 0± 0 .70 )U (3.99± 0 .0 7)M (2 9.79± 4 .77)Pg (0 .0 3±0 .0 1)Psh- (5 .4 0± 7.4 3) 相似文献
28.
In FRG and other countries unequivocal criteria for the limitation of dioxins (PCDD's/PCDF's) in food like vegetables and fruits are lacking. These have to be directly associated with the limitation of dioxins in the soil and the deposition of particulate matter as the two main pathways for plant contamination. Based on recent investigations in the vicinity of cable-waste incinerators in Northrhine-Westphalia with comparatively high contents of dioxins in garden plants and soils and other sources of dioxins, considerations are given for the establishment of the criteria urgently needed. 相似文献
29.
30.
水力停留时间对膜生物反应器复合工艺污水处理特性的影响 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
开发了厌氧-多级好氧/缺氧-膜生物反应器复合工艺,在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下,考察了系统对污染物去除效果及其膜污染的特性.结果表明,在试验选定的HRT范围内,系统对TN和TP的去除率随着HRT的降低而升高,当HRT为8.70、6.96、4.97 h时,系统对TN和TP的平均去除率分别为73.15%、79.76%、81.98%和67.79%、80.99%、92.16%.但是,较低HRT条件下膜通量较高,会加剧膜污染进程.解决这一问题的措施是增加膜组件个数,从而在不提高膜通量的情况下使系统保持较低的HRT,保证系统高效稳定的污染物去除效果. 相似文献