优质饲草饲料甜高梁在塔里木河下游的引种研究

试验本着农村产业结构调整,退耕还草畜养和绿洲生态农业优化管理的研究宗旨,把甜高粱作为南疆农村产业结构调整和发展生态畜牧业的优良品种在尉犁县进行栽培试验.结果表明在南疆类似尉犁县气候条件的地区,其生育期为130d,每年除收获种子外还可收割一茬牧草,年产鲜草86 400 kg/hm2、收获种子1 770 kg/hm2.     

Neural-fuzzy control system application for monitoring process response and control of anaerobic hybrid reactor in wastewater treatment and biogas production

Based on the developed neural-fuzzy control system for anaerobic hybrid reactor (AHR) in wastewater treatment and biogas production, the neural network with backpropagation algorithm for prediction of the variables pH, alkalinity (Alk) and total volatile acids (TVA) at present day time t was used as input data for the fuzzy logic to calculate the influent feed flow rate that was applied to control and monitor the process response at di erent operations in the initial, overload influent feeding and the recovery phases. In all three phases, this neural-fuzzy control system showed great potential to control AHR in high stability and performance and quick response. Although in the overloading operation phase II with two fold calculating influent flow rate together with a two fold organic loading rate (OLR), this control system had rapid response and was sensitive to the intended overload. When the influent feeding rate was followed by the calculation of control system in the initial operation phase I and the recovery operation phase III, it was found that the neural-fuzzy control system application was capable of controlling the AHR in a good manner with the pH close to 7, TVA/Alk < 0.4 and COD removal > 80% with biogas and methane yields at 0.45 and 0.30 m3/kg COD removed.     

Contribution of additives Cu to its accumulation in pig feces： study in Beijing and Fuxin of China

Massive amounts of pig manure are produced by intensive pig farm in China, and the composition of pig manure has changed much due to the use of feed additives. However, little is known about the exact Cu （copper） feed as additives or present as contaminants in pig feed and the residues in feces. One hundred and thirty-seven feeds and one hundred and forty-two fecal samples from 48 pig farms were collected in Beijing and Fuxin cities in 1999 and 2005, respectively. The concentrations of Cu were in the range of 6.86-395.19 mg/kg in the feed samples, and the mean values were in the order of weaner〉 grower-finisher〉 sow＇s feeds. The high concentrations over EU recommendations implied that excessive levels of Cu are fed on many pig farms in Beijing and Fuxin. Cu was also present in high concentrations in feces, and concentrations were highly variable. Cu concentrations in the feces from grower-finisher and weaner pigs were significantly greater than feces of sows. The super-intensive and small-scale farms had higher levels of Cu in feces than the middle farms. Cu concentrations in pig feces were approximately 5-times greater than in pig feeds. Feed management in grower-finisher pigs on super-intensive and small-scale pig farms is needed to reduce high Cu concentrations in feces and risks to soil contamination while feces are land-applied.     

基于CMAQ与前馈神经网络的区域大气污染物浓度快速响应模型

建立大气污染可控源排放-复合污染水平的函数关系,实现给定排放情景下环境污染物浓度的实时响应,是大气污染物浓度预测与减排效果评估等的重要技术前提.本研究对污染物浓度影响因子变化空间进行拉丁超立方采样,使用CMAQ区域多尺度空气质量模型的预测值作为输入数据,通过前馈神经网络模型构建基于统计机器学习的长三角区域污染物浓度快速响应模型.结果表明经过模型结构选择与参数调整,基于前馈神经网络的快速响应模型能够快速准确还原出不同减排情景下长三角区域PM_(2.5)浓度的预测值.外部验证情景下相关系数CORR达到0.999以上,MB与ME均值达到了-0.046μg·m~(-3)和0.6162μg·m~(-3),实现了比RSM更加快速与准确的预测,不同时段与不同污染物浓度的准确预测则验证了其普适性.     

原废水培养基分离活性污泥中的苯酚降解细菌

用未经处理的含酚焦化工业废水为基础配制培养基，采用平板涂布法，在10^-5稀释度下得到100个单菌落分离物．它们均能在以苯酚(500-800mg L^-1)为唯一碳源的无机盐培养基上生长，其16S rDNA基因的ARDBA多态性分析将这些分离物划分成4个分类操作单元(OTUs)．各单元代表株的16S rRNA基因序列分析和检索结果表明，97个分离物与Alcaligenes faecalis同源性达99％，2个分离物分别与Arthrobacter nicotianae和Klebsiella sp.99％同源．另一个分离物与Ochrobactrum sp．96％同源．苯酚经化酶大亚基基因(LmPHs)PCR扩增表明，除类似Arthrobacter nicotianae的菌株外，其它3个分类操作单元的降酚菌都能利用多组分苯酚经化酶代谢途径进行酚代谢．图2表2参11     

饲料级硫酸铜中二英类多氯联苯的污染特征及其来源研究

近年来,持久性有机污染物（POPs）对人体和环境带来的危害在世界范围内引起了广泛关注.饲料添加剂已成为畜禽动物养殖过程中必不可少的原料,为探明典型动物饲料添加剂饲料级硫酸铜（CuSO₄）中POPs的来源,本研究分析了饲料级CuSO₄、铜盐产品、蚀刻废液（包括酸性蚀刻废液、碱性蚀刻废液及微蚀废液）、蚀刻液（包括盐酸（HCl）和氧化剂）、硫酸（H₂SO₄）共计79个样品中二英类多氯联苯（DL-PCBs）的污染特征.结果发现,饲料级CuSO₄和铜盐产品中DL-PCBs均以PCB-77、PCB-169和PCB-126为主要检出单体,与其生产原料酸性蚀刻废液中具有完全一致的指纹分布特征,表明其来源的一致性;对于蚀刻液,DL-PCBs仅在工业HCl中有不同程度检出,然而指纹特征（单体组成以PCB-118、PCB-77和PCB-126为主）与其他样品中有所区别.通过主成分分析（PCA）进一步确认表明,工业HCl是蚀刻废液中DL-PCBs的一个重要来源,但亦可能存在其他未知来源.相关研究为去除和控制微量元素饲料添加剂尤其是铜盐产品中DL-PCBs提供了重要的科学依据.     

上海市郊区养殖场周边环境中砷含量特征

在上海市郊区选取5个大型养殖场,分别采集地表水、饲料、土壤及蔬菜样品,对其进行总砷及无机砷含量调查,以了解目前上海市郊区养殖场砷含量水平特征,以及有机胂饲料添加剂的使用情况.结果表明,水样中总砷含量介于0.00~23.00μg·L-1之间,低于国家规定的地表水环境质量一级标准(50μg·L-1);饲料中总砷含量在0.40~12.13 mg·kg-1之间,其中无机砷占总砷的10.0%~80.0%;抽查饲料样品中总砷含量范围为0.16~21.39 mg·kg-1,无机砷含量在0.003~10.67mg·kg-1之间,其中超过饲料中砷的限量标准的占16.7%;土壤中总砷含量介于8.08~18.50 mg·kg-1,22.2%的土壤样品中总砷含量超过土壤环境质量一级标准,土壤中无机砷占总砷44.2%~78.9%;蔬菜中总砷含量在0.003~0.093 mg·kg-1之间,均低于国家规定的限量标准0.50 mg·kg-1;同种蔬菜不同部位砷含量存在一定差异:根部含砷量要高于地上部分,蔬菜中总砷富集系数与总砷含量呈明显的正相关,与根际土壤中砷含量呈一定的负相关.     

Level and characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in feed and feed additives

Feed security is a prerequisite for safe animal food products. In this study, 13 groups of feed and feed ingredients, totaling 2067 samples, were collected in the period of 2011 to 2014 from China. The highest mean level of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) was found in fish meals and shell powders, with a concentration of 60.35 ng/kg, followed by mineral origin materials. In terms of the toxicity equivalent concentration, the fish oil group showed the highest PCDD/F levels because of their bio-accumulation through the aquatic food chain, with an average concentration of 1.26 ng WHO-TEQ/kg, while the lowest level was observed in compound feed for chickens and pigs, with an average value of 0.16 ng WHO-TEQ/kg. OCDD and OCDF were the predominant congeners in all groups except fish oils, in which the primary congeners were 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and 2,3,7,8-TCDF. For zinc chloride samples, different from other zinc-based compound samples, the main congeners were 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF (17%), 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF (15%), 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF (12%) and OCDF (30%). Considering toxicity equivalency factors, the dominant congeners were 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 1, 2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF, 2,3,7,8-TCDF and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, and the contribution to the total TEQ was 29%, 16%, 14% and 12%, respectively. Overall, 2.1% (43 out of 2067) of all the analyzed samples exceeded the different individual ''European Union maximum limited levels for PCDD/Fs. This study is beneficial for the determination of the status of contamination levels of feed and feed ingredients.     

苦咸水反渗透淡化中影响膜面的污染因素

由于苦咸水的化学组成和浓度分布在不同地区有着显著的差异,以及淡化工艺中普遍较高的浓缩因子(concentrate factor,CF)值(在4—10之间),苦咸水反渗透(brackish water reverse osmosis,BWRO)淡化过程中的膜污染现象、类型和程度较海水反渗透(seawater reverse osmosis,SWRO)淡化过程有明显的不同.目前,膜污染已成为BWRO大规模应用于苦咸水淡化领域的瓶颈之一,如何解决这一问题成为该领域的研究热点.本文详细综述了国内外BWRO淡化过程中影响膜面污染因素的应用研究进展,重点介绍了进水来源污染成分及污染倾向、进水水质优劣指标和进水物性对膜面污染的影响;按照分离技术的不同,分类讨论了常规预处理和膜法预处理工艺,指出后者不易受进水水质变化的影响,能够更好地降低膜面污染潜能,并针对目前的研究现状提出了建议.     

Potential treatments to reduce phorbol esters levels in jatropha seed cake for improving the value added product

Jatropha seed cake contains high amounts of protein and other nutrients, however it has a drawback due to toxic compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the methods applied to detoxify the main toxin, phorbol esters in jatropha seed cake, to a safe and acceptable level by maintaining the nutritional values. Phorbol esters are tetracyclic diterpenoids-polycyclic compounds that are known as tumor promoters and hence exhibited the toxicity within a broad range of species. Mismanagement of the jatropha waste from jatropha oil industries would lead to contamination of the environment, affecting living organisms and human health through the food chain, so several methods were tested for reducing the toxicity of the seed cake. The results from this investigation showed that heat treatments at either 120°C or 220°C for 1 hour and then mixing with adsorbing bentonite (10%), nanoparticles of zinc oxide (100 μg/g) plus NaHCO₃ at 4%, followed by a 4-week incubation period yielded the best final product. The remaining phorbol esters concentration (0.05–0.04 mg/g) from this treatment was less than that reported for the nontoxic jatropha varieties (0.11–0.27 mg/g). Nutritional values of the seed cake after treatment remained at the same levels found in the control group and these values were crude protein (20.47–21.40 + 0.17–0.25%), crude lipid (14.27–14.68 + 0.13–0.14%) and crude fiber (27.33–29.67 + 0.58%). A cytotoxicity test conducted using L929 and normal human dermal fibroblast cell lines confirmed that most of the toxic compounds, especially phorbol esters, were shown as completely eliminated. The results suggested that the detoxification of phorbol esters residues in the jatropha seed cake was possible while it also retained nutritional values. Therefore, the methods to detoxify phorbol esters are necessary to minimize the toxicity of jatropha seed cake. Further, it is essential to reduce the possible environmental impacts that may be generated throughout the jatropha waste-handling process. However additional tests such as digestibility as well as acceptability of the treated jatropha seed cake should be conducted using both in vivo and in vitro studies before recommending the jatropha seed cake as a source of renewable animal feed and other value-added products.