粉煤灰负载壳聚糖去除水中低浓度磷的研究

磷是富营养化限制因子,同时,中国主要能源是煤,每年会产生大量的粉煤灰废弃物;壳聚糖广泛存在于自然界,在水处理中的应用前景广阔。利用粉煤灰负载壳聚糖处理水中的磷既可以减少水中的污染物质,成本低,耗能少,又可以使固体废物得到有效的利用。实验中,以粉煤灰负载壳聚糖作为吸附剂,对磷酸盐的吸附进行了实验研究。讨论了废水的pH值、吸附平衡时间、吸附剂的投加量和吸附温度等各个因素对磷酸盐去除率的影响。研究表明:在粉煤灰负载壳聚糖的投加量为6 g/L、废水浓度为3 mg/L、吸附温度为30℃、吸附时间为30 min的条件下,P的去除率可达90%左右。     

粉煤灰、炉渣提高生物反应器垃圾处理性能研究

通过粉煤灰、炉渣和生活垃圾共置处理,研究粉煤灰、炉渣提高生物反应器垃圾处理性能的机理和效果。结果表明:粉煤灰、炉渣可以有效去除重金属离子,调节反应器内pH,使渗滤液停留时间延长4倍～5倍,产气量提高5.9倍～7.8倍,甲烷含量可提高2倍以上,共置处理效果显著好于生活垃圾单一处理。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融处理的进展

针对城市生活垃圾焚烧产生飞灰的处理以及由此引发的二次污染问题,阐述了飞灰的污染特性,讨论了各种飞灰处理技术的优缺点,分析了熔融处理技术在降低飞灰中重金属浸出毒性和彻底分解其中的二恶英所具有的优越性,为飞灰的无害化和资源化处理提供参考。     

利用粉煤灰研制高效无机混凝剂聚硅酸铝

研究了以粉煤灰为原料制取高效无机混凝剂聚硅酸铝的工艺及生产条件。产品用于处理工业废水水样 ,并与传统混凝剂处理废水的效果进行了比较。结果表明 ,聚硅酸铝混凝剂用药量少 ,处理效果较好     

Metal distribution characteristic of MSWI bottom ash in view of metal recovery

Bottom ash is the major by-product of municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI), and is often reused as an engineering material, such as road-base aggregate. However, some metals(especially aluminum) in bottom ash can react with water and generate gas that could cause expansion and failure of products containing the ash; these metals must be removed before the ash is utilized. The size distribution and the chemical speciation of metals in the bottom ash from two Chinese MSWI plants were examined in this study, and the recovery potential of metals from the ash was evaluated. The metal concentrations in these bottom ashes were lower than that generated in other developed countries. Specifically, the contents of Al,Fe, Cu and Zn were 18.9–29.2, 25.5–32.3, 0.7–1.0 and 1.6–2.5 g/kg, respectively. Moreover,44.9–57.0 wt.% of Al and 55.6–75.4 wt.% of Fe were distributed in bottom ash particles smaller than 5 mm. Similarly, 46.6–79.7 wt.% of Cu and 42.9–74.2 wt.% of Zn were concentrated in particles smaller than 3 mm. The Fe in the bottom ash mainly existed as hematite, and its chemical speciation was considered to limit the recovery efficiency of magnetic separation.     

关于医疗垃圾飞灰中二噁英在惰性气氛下的低温热脱附研究

以医疗垃圾焚烧炉布袋除尘器前管道内飞灰(BG)及布袋除尘器后飞灰(AG)为对象,研究不同温度及时间段下其在管式炉中的热脱附特性.结果表明,在低温氮气气氛下,热脱附作用较为明显,2种飞灰中的二噁英都有了不同程度的脱除,其中布袋前飞灰中二噁英的脱除率为82.9%～99.9%之间,毒性当量脱除率为77.3%～99.8%,布袋后飞灰中二噁英的脱除率为66.8%～99.8%之间,毒性当量脱除率为43.5%～99.6%.检测收集到的实验尾气,发现了二噁英的存在,且在300～350℃这个温度段生成量最多,且生成的有毒二噁英同系物中以OCDD为主.通过比较发现,当温度为400℃,加热时间为45 min时2种飞灰中的二噁英脱除效率最高.鉴于惰性气氛下的热脱附对处理飞灰中的二噁英具有较好的作用,可将其大规模应用于实际工程中.     

氨对垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出特性的影响及地球化学模拟

垃圾焚烧飞灰可能因为选择性非催化还原法(SNCR)脱硝过程中氨泄漏、垃圾携带的渗滤液受热挥发等原因而吸附氨.本研究中采用人为添加氨水,在pH为3.66～12.44范围内,研究氨对飞灰中溶解性有机碳(DOC)和重金属浸出的影响,并利用地球化学模拟软件Visual MINTEQ从金属化学形态分布上分析氨对飞灰浸出的影响机制.结果表明,DOC在pH>9和有高浓度氨(≥1 357 mg·L-1)存在时,其浸出量大幅增加,而在浸出液中氨的水平不高于537 mg·L-1时则受氨的影响很小;在pH<6时,飞灰中各金属主要以自由态的金属离子和金属-氯络离子形态大量溶出,且受氨的影响较小;而在pH为8～12的碱性环境中和氨浓度较高时(≥3 253 mg·L-1),氨与金属生成了可溶性的金属-氨配合物,能显著增加Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn的浸出,且在pH=9附近时浸出量达到最大值,但氨对Al和Pb的浸出影响甚微;在pH>12时,Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn主要以羟基金属离子形式存在.在氨浓度为3 253 mg·L-1时,通过利用Visual MINTEQ模拟浸出值与试验数据的对比,发现Al、Pb、Zn的浸出主要由溶解/沉淀模型控制,而Cd、Cu、Ni由溶解/沉淀模型和表面吸附反应模型同时控制,且Visual MINTEQ模型能较好地预测飞灰中Al、Cu、Pb、Zn的浸出特性.     

高碱性烟气脱硫灰中亚硫酸钙含量分析方法

针对烟气脱硫灰中的亚硫酸钙含量测定方法没有国家标准和行业标准,在参考不同标准中亚硫酸盐的测定方法基础上,对碘量法测定烟气脱硫灰中亚硫酸钙含量的方法进行实验研究。通过自制烟气脱硫灰模拟样的滴定,结果表明高碱性脱硫灰在滴定前应采用先加碘后加酸的顺序进行处理,并使用盐酸或磷酸作为酸化剂,而不宜使用硫酸酸化;采用磷酸(1+1)作酸化剂,控制溶液pH值在2.49¹.40之间,可以准确测定高碱性烟气脱硫灰中亚硫酸钙含量,重复性好,同时可有效避免Fe3+干扰。     

Utilization of MSWI fly ash as partial cement or sand substitute with focus on cementing efficiency and health risk assessment

• Washed MSWI fly ash was used as partial cement or sand substitute. • Sand replacing is beneficial for strength, while cement replacement reduces strength. • Cementing efficiency factor and mortar pore structure explain the strength results. • Health risk assessment was conducted for MSWI fly ash blended cement mortar. • CR and HI contributed by different exposures and heavy metals were analyzed. The strength of cement substituted mortar decreases with the increase in fly ash amount, whereas the strength increases when the fly ash is blended as sand substitute. A mortar with highest strength (compressive strength= 30.2 Mpa; flexural strength= 7.0 Mpa) was obtained when the sand replacement ratio was 0.75%. The k value (cementing efficiency) of fly ash varied between 0.36 and 0.15 for the fly ash fraction in binder between 5% and 25%. The k values of fly ash used for sand replacement were all significantly above that used for cement substitution. The macropores assigned to the gaps between particles decreased when the fly ash was used as sand replacement, providing an explanation for the strength enhancement. The waste-extraction procedure (toxicity-sulphuric acid and nitric acid method (HJ/T 299-2007)) was used to evaluate metal leaching, indicating the reuse possibility of fly ash blended mortar. For the mortar with the mass ratio of fly ash to binder of 0.5%, the carcinogenic risks (CR) and non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) in sensitive scenario for blended mortar utilization were 9.66 × 10^-7 and 0.06, respectively; these results were both lower than the threshold values, showing an acceptable health risk. The CR (9.89 × 10^-5) and HQ (3.89) of the non-sensitive scenario for fly ash treatment exceeded the acceptable threshold values, indicating health risks to onsite workers. The main contributor to the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk is Cr and Cd, respectively. The CR and HQ from inhalation was the main route of heavy metal exposure.     

多功能粉煤灰治理垃圾场渗滤液

以具絮凝、吸附、降解多功能粉煤灰污水处理材料,填充成絮凝沉降降解过滤箱,组合有鼓气、臭氧的连续式5级垃圾场渗滤液集成处理系统。垃圾渗滤液流量、鼓气量、臭氧量分别为40Lh、40L(m3·h)、15mgL的工艺条件下,渗滤液的悬浮物、色度、CODCr、BOD5、氨氮、硫化物等主要污染物指标分别降低93%、90%、96%、92%、86%和92%,达到垃圾场渗滤液二级控制标准。