基于灰色理论的冻融混凝土本构方程研究

我国北方处于寒冷地带,低温和冻融循环作用是造成混凝土性能劣化的重要原因。由于混凝土单轴受压应力—应变全曲线反映了混凝土最基本的力学性能,因此研究冻融循环作用下混凝土的应力—应变全曲线十分重要。本文通过已有的冻融混凝土单轴压缩试验所得的应力—应变关系参数,基于灰色理论建立预测方程,以小样本数据为基础,预测其他冻融次数下的混凝土本构方程参数。再根据过镇海建议的混凝土本构曲线进行拟合,得到一系列不同冻融次数下的混凝土应力—应变全曲线。结果表明,本文所拟合出的冻融混凝土应力—应变全曲线跟实验曲线吻合较好,可以用于试验范围内任意冻融次数的混凝土应力—应变全曲线的研究。     

Impacts of changing frost regimes on Swedish forests: Incorporating cold hardiness in a regional ecosystem model

Understanding the effects of climate change on boreal forests which hold about 7% of the global terrestrial biomass carbon is a major issue. An important mechanism in boreal tree species is acclimatization to seasonal variations in temperature (cold hardiness) to withstand low temperatures during winter. Temperature drops below the hardiness level may cause frost damage. Increased climate variability under global and regional warming might lead to more severe frost damage events, with consequences for tree individuals, populations and ecosystems. We assessed the potential future impacts of changing frost regimes on Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) in Sweden. A cold hardiness and frost damage model were incorporated within a dynamic ecosystem model, LPJ-GUESS. The frost tolerance of Norway spruce was calculated based on daily mean temperature fluctuations, corresponding to time and temperature dependent chemical reactions and cellular adjustments. The severity of frost damage was calculated as a growth-reducing factor when the minimum temperature was below the frost tolerance. The hardiness model was linked to the ecosystem model by reducing needle biomass and thereby growth according to the calculated severity of frost damage. A sensitivity analysis of the hardiness model revealed that the severity of frost events was significantly altered by variations in the hardening rate and dehardening rate during current climate conditions. The modelled occurrence and intensity of frost events was related to observed crown defoliation, indicating that 6-12% of the needle loss could be attributed to frost damage. When driving the combined ecosystem-hardiness model with future climate from a regional climate model (RCM), the results suggest a decreasing number and strength of extreme frost events particularly in northern Sweden and strongly increasing productivity for Norway spruce by the end of the 21st century as a result of longer growing seasons and increasing atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. However, according to the model, frost damage might decrease the potential productivity by as much as 25% early in the century.     

交替冻融对东北典型土壤腐殖质的影响

以受季节性冻融过程影响显著的东北地区的黑土、暗棕壤和水稻土为例,采用实验室模拟的方法,研究交替冻融循环过程（分别在-20℃和20℃下处理）对土壤腐殖质的影响。研究表明：交替冻融后,黑土和暗棕壤松结态腐殖质质量分数分别增加了39%和28%,HA/FA分别上升了45%和35%;水稻土松结态腐殖质质量分数和HA/FA分别下降了18%和31%。三维荧光结果进一步验证,黑土、暗棕壤在交替冻融中土壤芳香化程度增高,HA/FA上升,而水稻土则相反。黑土和暗棕壤松结态腐殖质和HA/FA升高,主要是微生物分解作用和土壤大团聚体破坏等原因造成,水稻土松结态腐殖质和HA/FA降低,主要是水稻土的缺氧环境造成。     

A trait-based approach for downscaling complexity in plankton ecosystem models

Although predator–prey cycles can be easily predicted with mathematical models it is only since recently that oscillations observed in a chemostat predator–prey (rotifer–algal) experiment offer an interesting workbench for testing model soundness. These new observations have highlighted the limitations of the conventional modelling approach in correctly reproducing some unexpected characteristics of the cycles. Simulations are improved when changes in algal community structure, resulting from natural selection operating on an assemblage of algal clones differing in competitive ability and defence against rotifer predation, is considered in multi-prey models. This approach, however, leads to extra complexity in terms of state variables and parameters. We show here that multi-prey models with one predator can be effectively approximated with a simpler (only a few differential equations) model derived in the context of adaptive dynamics and obtained with a moment-based approximation. The moment-based approximation has been already discussed in the literature but mostly in a theoretical context, therefore we focus on the strength of this approach in downscaling model complexity by relating it to the chemostat predator–prey experiment. Being based on mechanistic concepts, our modelling framework can be applied to any community of competing species for which a trade-off between competitive ability and resistance to predators can be appropriately defined. We suggest that this approach can be of great benefit for reducing complexity in biogeochemical modelling studies at the basin or global ocean scale.     

Are savannas patch-dynamic systems? A landscape model

Savannas are ecosystems characterized by the coexistence of woody species (trees and bushes) and grasses. Given that savanna characteristics are mainly formed from competition, herbivory, fire, woodcutting, and patchy soil and precipitation characteristics, we propose a spatially explicit model to examine the effects of the above-mentioned parameters on savanna vegetation dynamics in space and time. Furthermore, we investigate the effects of the above-mentioned parameters on tree–bush–grass ratios, as well as the degrees of aggregation of tree–bush–grass biomass. We parameterized our model for an arid savanna with shallow soil depth as well as a mesic one with generally deeper and more variable soil depths. Our model was able to reproduce savanna vegetation characteristics for periods of time over 2000 years with daily updated time steps. According to our results, tree biomass was higher than bush biomass in the arid savanna but bush biomass exceeded tree and grass biomass in the simulated mesic savanna. Woody biomass increased in our simulations when the soil's porosity values were increased (mesic savanna), in combination with higher precipitation. Savanna vegetation varied from open savanna to woodland and back to open savanna again. Vegetation cycles varied over ∼300-year cycles in the arid and ∼220-year cycles in the mesic-simulated savanna. Autocorrelation values indicated that there are both temporal and spatial vegetation cycles. Our model indicated cycling savanna vegetation at the landscape scale, cycles in cells, and patchiness, i.e. patch dynamics.     

落叶阔叶树异戊二烯排放研究

采用封闭式采样方法及光离子化气体分析仪直接分析技术测定了１２种北京市主要绿化树种的异戊二烯排放速率。结果表明：法国梧桐,龙爪槐、杨树和柳树为强异戊二烯排放树种;     

Issue Cycles in Corporate Sustainability Reporting: A Longitudinal Study

Issue cycles in media reporting and in the coverage of environmental news in particular have been studied since the 1970s. This study seeks to extend existing theory on issue-attention lifecycles from the news-media domain to the corporate domain by exploring how companies operationalize environmental sustainability over time. Using computer-assisted text analysis, this study investigates 744 corporate environmental reports in a 10-year longitudinal design in order to study how the attention that companies pay to a set of 13 environmental issues shifts over this period. The results indicate discernible issue cycles for almost all of the issues studied. Some issues are in a phase of heightened awareness, others in a punctuated equilibrium following specific events, and even others in a phase of decline. The issue cycles identified suggest that companies pursue their environmental strategies consistently, but shift attention to particular issues as a response to high-profile environmental events. Policy-makers therefore need to be aware of the slowness of changes in corporate environmental strategies.     

生物炭添加比例及冻融对沟渠土壤氮素淋失的影响

三江平原大规模集约化农业生产活动破坏了土壤养分平衡,加快了营养物质输移过程,而沟渠土壤中高有机物含量有利于营养元素的化学循环.为了研究冻融过程及添加不同比例生物炭对沟渠土壤氮素淋失的影响效果,本研究采用室内土柱模拟淋溶方法,探究了冻融过程及添加不同比例生物炭土壤对淋溶液中铵态氮(NH~+_4-N)和硝态氮(NO~-_3-N)淋失量的影响规律.实验采用400℃烧制的玉米秸秆生物炭,分别按照炭土质量比0、0.75%、1.50%、3.00%的比例施用于沟渠土壤中.结果表明:施加生物炭加快了溶液的淋溶速率;施加生物炭能够增加土壤对氮素的固持,且不同配比生物炭的土壤对铵态氮的固持能力优于硝态氮,添加0.75%生物炭的土壤对硝态氮表现出较好的固持能力;冻融条件下土壤氮素的淋失有所增加,生物炭对氮素的固持能力随着冻融次数的增加也有所降低,在本实验中,当冻融频次为1时,冻融过程对生物炭固持土壤氮素能力的抵消作用最大.     

玉米秸秆黄原酸盐对铅离子的动态吸附特征

玉米秸秆黄原酸盐是一种新型的重金属吸附材料.为了揭示玉米秸秆黄原酸盐对溶液中铅离子的动态吸附特征,本文通过柱体穿透吸附模拟实验方法,研究了玉米秸秆黄原酸对流体中铅离子的吸附穿透曲线、吸附效率及水体流速、初始浓度、填柱高度等因素对其吸附特性的影响,并采用The Thomas、The Bohart-Adams、The Wolborskal和The Yoon-Nelson等模型进行动力学拟合.结果表明,流速、初始浓度、填柱高度等因素对玉米秸秆黄原酸盐吸附铅离子的穿透曲线都有明显影响,Thomas模型和Yoon-Nelson模型能较好反映吸附过程特征.实验表明,玉米秸秆黄原酸盐对铅离子的吸附量为175 mg·g~(-1),吸附后的玉米秸秆黄原酸盐残渣体性能稳定.     

沉积物电缆细菌研究进展

目前,在沉积物中发现一种丝状多细胞微生物-电缆细菌,该菌属于变形菌门的脱硫球茎菌科（Desulfobulbaceae）.电缆细菌通过远距离电子传输将沉积物表面的氧还原与深处缺氧层的硫化物氧化电耦合进行完整的氧化还原反应,调节氧分子和硫化物迁移转化.电缆细菌有3种连接方式,表层存在脊段结构进行电子运输,并在富含硫酸盐和季节性周期变化的自然环境中广泛存在.这种新型的多细胞合作方式对沉积物的生物地球化学循环产生显著影响,促进沉积物硫化区铁锰的溶解,并抑制硫和磷等元素的释放.此外,电缆细菌参与硫化物和烃类污染物的降解,为污染沉积物生物修复领域提供新的研究方向.本文对电缆细菌的发现、生理代谢、栖息环境以及生物地球化学循环的影响等研究进行了综述.