APPLICATION OF INFILTRATION THEORY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF EXCESS RAINFALL HYETOGRAPH1

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to show through the use of numerical examples that modern infiltration theory can be used in everyday hydrologic practice. The actual use of four methods of calculation of infiltration rates and of excess rainfall rates is demonstrated for the case when simultaneous data of rainfall and stream flow are available for a watershed. The four methods are: (1) the well known Π-index method, (2) the traditional Horton's infiltration capacity formula, (3) the less traditional Green and Ampt infiltration capacity formula, and (4) a ponding time approach. It is recommended that hydrologists become at least familiar with the numerical procedures involved in the ponding time and postponding infiltration approach. This approach, though not flawless, should be preferred to the other three methods if use of the other three is at all considered.     

SOME SIMPLE MODELS FOR CONTINUOUS VARIATE TIME SERIES1

ABSTRACT: A survey is given of recently developed models for continuous variate non–Gaussian time series. The emphasis is on marginally specific models with given correlation structure. Exponential, Gamma, Weibull, Laplace, Beta and Mixed Exponential models are considered for the marginal distributions of the stationary time series. Most of the models are random coefficient, additive linear models. Some discussion of the meaning of autoregression and linearity is given, as well as suggestions for higher–order linear residual analysis for non–Gaussian models.     

THE OPPORTUNITY COST OF TIME AND AVERTING EXPENDITURES FOR SAFE DRINKING WATER1

ABSTRACT: A survey of individuals during a Giardia contamination incident provided data to calculate the cost of boiling, hauling, or purchasing water to avoid infection. Three different approaches to the valuation of time were used to assess the implications of the opportunity cost of time for the measurement of averting costs. Mean monthly household averting costs were $33.47 using family income to value time, $13.07 using the minimum wage to value time, and $5.60 using zero opportunity cost of time. Comparisons of the mean costs for different sources and household characteristics indicated the value of time from family income was too high and that the other methods of valuing time were superior.     

GOALS AND DATA COLLECTION DESIGNS FOR WATER QUALITY MONITORING1

ABSTRACT: Water quality monitoring cannot address every information need through one data collection procedure. This paper discusses the goals and related procedures for designing water quality monitoring programs. The discussion focuses on the broad information needs of those agencies operating water quality networks. These information needs include the ability to assess trends and environmental impacts, determine compliance with objectives or standards, estimate mass transport, and perform general surveillance. Each of these information needs has different data requirements. This paper outlines these goals and discusses factors to consider in developing a monitoring plan on a site by site basis.     

陕西省近10年自然灾害的损失规律

本文主要根据自然灾害损失资料,对陕西近10a自然灾害损失时空规律、各灾种特点、损失结构进行了较详尽讨论,并进行了损失强度分区。     

苏北盆地玄武岩地质年龄及地层时代

本文以快中子活化（39Ar／40Ar）法、K—Ar法为主要手段．通过16个玄武岩样品地质年龄的测定和分析．首次建立了苏北盆地泰州组—盐城组玄武岩喷发年代时间剖面，并对各级段的界线年龄进行了修正。提出了白垩系和第三系的界线在泰州组与阜宁组之间．古新统与始新统界线在阜宁组—～二段和三～四段之间、始新统与渐统界线在三垛组一段和二段之间，本区缺失上渐新统地层。     

佛山市区酸雨时空分布特征及其成因分析

从致酸源、地理环境、工业状况、气候条件等因素分析了佛山市酸雨的成因，提出一些控制酸雨污染的建议。     

Alga-lysing bioreactor and the dominant bacteria strain

Alga-lysing bacteria have been paid much attention to in recent years. In this study, the alga-lysing strain P05 which was isolated from an immobilizing biosystem was immobilized by coke and elastic filler, forming two biological reactors. The removal efficiencies of algae, NH3-N and organic matter using the two reactors were studied. The results showed that strain P05 was an ideal algal-lysing bacteria strain because it was easy to be immobilized by coke and elastic filler which are of cheap, low biodegradability and the simple immobilization procedure. After 7 d filming, the biological film could be formed and the reactors were used to treat the eutrophic water. These two reactors were of stability and high effect with low cost and easy operation. The optimal hydraulic retention time (HRT) of each reactor was 4 h. The algae removal rates were 80.38% and 82.1% (in term of Chl-a) of coke reactor and filler reactor, respectively. And that of NH3-N were 52.3% and 52.7%. The removal rates of CODMn were 39.03% and 39.64%. The strain P05 was identified as Bacillus sp. by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene, BLAST analysis, and comparison with sequences in the GenBank nucleotide database.     

郑汴路不同运营路段路旁土壤重金属分布及污染分析

选择运营时间不同的杏花营和圃田路段分别布设1800 m长的采样断面,按距离路基远近不同布设土壤采样点38个,对照采样点2个,在距路基25 m处挖掘土壤剖面2个,共采集土壤样品50个.在室内试验的基础上,对路旁土壤重金属(Pb、Cd、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cr)空间分布特征与污染状况进行了研究.结果表明,公路两侧300 m范围内的土壤重金属含量明显高于对照区和中国潮土背景值,尤其土壤中Cd、Cr和Pb积累明显.路北土壤重金属含量高于路南.对于运营时间长的杏花营断面,土壤重金属含量高于圃田断面.大多数重金属在土壤中的含量随离公路距离的增加在距路基10～50 m处出现积累峰值,然后逐渐下降,在300 m附近接近于对照值.重金属主要累积在土壤深0～40 cm范围内.杏花营路段两侧200 m范围内为重金属轻度污染带,200～300 m之间为警戒带.圃田路段北侧30 m范围内为轻度污染带,30～200 m为警戒带,200～300 m为清洁带;而其南侧15 m范围内为轻污染带,15～80 m为清洁带,80～300 m为警戒带.     

聚丙烯酰胺复配物提高微细粉尘湿润效果的试验

为了提高微细粉尘的除尘效果，将聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）与琥珀酸二辛酯磺酸钠（AOT）等进行复配，并分别测定了粉尘的沉降时间、溶液表面张力及其紫外吸收光谱。结果表明，AOT与PAM复配后，形成了新的物质，可降低溶液表面张力和粉尘沉降时间，从而提高微尘湿润效果。