Efficiency characterization of fire extinguishing compound superfine powder containing Mg(OH)2

To improve the fire extinguishing efficiency of existing dry powders, a new type of superfine dry powder was prepared using magnesium hydroxide as an additive. In our study, a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to analyze the thermal decomposition of the synthesized powders. The temperature of thermal decomposition, weight loss, and other thermodynamic parameters of the fire extinguishing powders were analyzed to explain the performance advantages of the compound superfine powder. Through a small-scale fire experiment, the physical parameters of the extinguishing process—such as extinguish time, powder dosage, smoke concentration, and minimum extinguishing concentration—were quantified for the suppression of a diesel fire using the different powders; these parameters were used to evaluate the fire extinguishing capacity and toxic gas suppression ability of the powders. TGA demonstrated that the compound superfine powder decomposed more quickly and its thermal decomposition process was much shorter than those of the other powders. The DSC data indicated that the compound superfine powder could decrease the characteristic temperature at each stage and thus the powder absorbed the flame's heat more quickly and suppressed flame propagation. The fire extinguishing test demonstrated that the consumption of the three types of fire extinguishing powder decreased with an increase in the driving pressure, and the order of powder dosage was as follows: commercial dry powder > superfine powder > compound superfine powder. Similarly, the order of minimum extinguishing concentration was as follows: commercial dry powder > superfine powder > compound superfine powder. Furthermore, the compound superfine powder exhibited a greater capacity for controlling toxic and harmful gas emissions.     

New tools predict monoethylene glycol injection rate for natural gas hydrate inhibition

In the oil and gas production operations, hydrates deposition leads to serious problems including over pressuring, irreparable damages to production equipment, pipeline blockage, and finally resulting in production facilities shut down and even human life and the environment dangers. Hence, it is of great importance to forecast the hydrate formation conditions in order to overcome problems associated with deposition of hydrate. In this article, an effective, mathematical and predictive strategy, known as the least squares support vector machine, is employed to determine the hydrate forming conditions of sweet natural gases as well as the monoethylene glycol (MEG) flow-rate and desired depression of the gas hydrate formation temperature (DHFT). The outcome of this study reveals that the developed technique offers high predictive potential in precise estimation of this important characteristic in the gas industry. Beside the accuracy and reliability, the proposed model includes lower number of coefficients in contrast with conventional correlations/methods, implying an interesting feature to be added to the modeling simulation software packages in gas engineering.     

水合肼中混入尿素后的非催化还原脱硝研究

在对比了尿素和水合肼(N2H4·H2O)选择性非催化还原(SNCR)脱除烟气中NOx温度特性的基础上,尝试将两者混合以降低SNCR脱硝反应的温度窗口.实验结果显示,水合肼有一中温区温度窗口(550～650℃),最佳温度在600℃左右,远低于尿素SNCR脱硝的温度窗口和最佳温度.对比尿素和水合肼在不同条件下混合后的脱硝规律发现,将部分水合肼用尿素替代后虽然脱硝效率有所下降,但维持了水合肼的中温脱硝特征,某些条件下甚至出现脱硝效率上升的现象;并且反应过程中无氨分解产生和逸出;而尿素单独使用时在此温区内则有氨逸出.研究还表明,将水合肼加入到尿素中并无有益效果.而当还原剂/NO的化学计量比(Normalized stoichiometric ratio,NSR)为2.0时,在水合肼中加入尿素,以16.7％的尿素N替代水合肼N,混合还原剂的峰值脱硝效率出现在530℃左右,并维持在单独使用水合肼时峰值的93.3％的水平;温度在503 ～ 567℃范围变化时,混合还原剂维持了可观的中温脱硝效率.研究表明,有望通过在水合肼中添加适量尿素以降低水合肼SNCR中温脱硝的成本.     

水合物分解对桩基础应力和变形影响的研究

赋存于海底沉积物中的天然气水合物与固体颗粒相互胶结,增加了沉积物的强度,一旦水合物分解,会引起沉积物剪切强度降低,如果在含有水合物层上面或附近存在桩基础,必然影响其稳定性.本文采用应力释放法,通过数值计算,分别讨论了桩基础底部位于含水合物地层不同深度时,水合物分解对桩基础应力和变形的影响规律.计算结果表明,随着水合物分...     

糠醛衍生-气相色谱/质谱法测定地表水中的肼和偏二甲基肼

建立了糠醛衍生-气相色谱/质谱法测定地表水中肼和偏二甲基肼两种肼类化合物的方法,优化了实验条件.在200mL水样(pH=7)中加入10mL0.05g/mL的糠醛衍生试剂,室温下反应2h,用15mL二氯甲烷萃取10min,氮吹至1.0mL后进样分析.本方法在0～100μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数大于0.996.检出限...     

水合物法分离CO2研究

混合气体在形成水合物时,水合物内的气体组分与气相内不同。CO2溶解度远高于N2、O2、H2等气体,因此水合物法可分离燃煤电厂烟气中的CO2。分析了气体组成、压力、温度、促进剂和多孔介质等因素对水合物法分离CO2的影响,指出采用耦合技术降低操作压力和提高水合速度是今后改进和努力的方向。     

水合肼生产废水及其处理现状

水合肼是一种重要的化工原料和化学中间体,广泛应用于化工、医药、农药和军工行业。由于水合肼具有较强毒性,被列为《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838—2002）中集中式生活饮用水地表水源地特定项目,因此其生产废水的处理十分重要。本文对目前国内外水合肼生产工艺及其产生的废水进行了介绍,详细分析并归纳了水合肼生产废水中不同污染物的处理方法,讨论了目前水合肼生产废水的实际处理工艺,并结合国内专利情况分析探讨了水合肼生产废水处理技术的发展方向,指出应加强双氧水法生产废水处理技术的研发。     

改性硅酸钙(CSH)对重金属废水中Ni2+的吸附特性研究

以硅灰石和氧化钙为原料制备改性硅酸钙(CSH),为了探讨改性硅酸钙对Ni~(2+)的吸附特性和机理,考察了初始p H值、吸附剂投加量、初始Ni~(2+)质量浓度和硅酸钙使用次数等因素对模拟废水中Ni~(2+)去除率的影响。结果表明,p H值在3.0~6.0、吸附剂投加量为1g/L、含Ni~(2+)废水质量浓度小于200 mg/L、硅酸钙前两次使用时,CSH对Ni~(2+)均有较高的去除效果。采用Langmuir等温吸附模型拟合CSH对Ni~(2+)的吸附,得到CSH对Ni~(2+)的最大吸附量为417 mg/g。结合吸附前后的扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)图谱分析,推测出CSH的主要结构为Ca Si2O5,CSH对Ni~(2+)的吸附主要发生在CSH表面并且是通过离子交换作用进行的。通过对CSH吸附去除Ni~(2+)过程中溶液离子浓度变化的研究推断出97%的Ni~(2+)通过离子交换作用被去除,剩余的Ni~(2+)通过表面络合作用去除。     

湿天然气管道螺旋流水合物浆液安全输送研究

研究了天然气水合物浆液在气液两相螺旋管流中流动特性,分析了以气相为连续相、水合物颗粒为离散相的气固两相螺旋流的流动机理,通过对水合物颗粒受力分析和运动分析,结合螺旋流旋涡结构演化规律,推导出水合物颗粒平动、转动的判断条件,给出了颗粒各种受力的关联式,建立螺旋管流水合物颗粒运动模型,探讨了水合物颗粒的动力学行为。分析水合物浆液流动特性得到临界速度1即水合物浆液从固定床流动向悬浮流转化速度以及临界速度2即水合物浆液从移动床流动向固定床转化速度,为水合物浆液稳定流动提供了理论判据。     

柴油/甲醇组合燃烧尾气中甲醛的检测

利用气相色谱分析技术检测了柴油/甲醇组合燃烧(DMCC)尾气中的非常规排放物--甲醛.通过对不同采样方法和采样条件的比较,设计了采样系统,确定了用吸收液吸收的方法采集尾气中的甲醛.利用尾气中的甲醛与2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)酸性饱和溶液反应生成甲醛腙的特性,通过检测甲醛腙的浓度来检测尾气中的甲醛含量.应用本方法检测一台采用DMCC燃烧模式的发动机尾气,结果表明,该方法可准确测量其尾气中的甲醛浓度.检测数据显示,当发动机运行DMCC燃烧模式时,相同转速下同一负荷时喷醇量越大,尾气中甲醛浓度越多;在相同的甲醇对柴油的替代率条件下,负荷越低尾气中甲醛浓度越高.