新农药硫肟醚在土壤中降解的影响因子研究

在实验室条件下对新农药硫肟醚(O(3苯氧苄基)2甲硫基1(4氯苯基)丙基酮肟醚)在土壤中降解的影响因子进行了研究.结果表明,在20 d的培养时间内,随着土壤含水量的增加,硫肟醚的降解速率加快.当土壤含水量增加到80%(质量分数)时,其降解率达到最大(46.73%),然后随土壤含水量增加反而下降.随着土壤温度的升高,硫肟醚在土壤中的降解速率增加.30 ℃时降解速率达到最大(47.83%),以后温度继续升高,其降解速率呈现出下降趋势.在5～100 mg/kg的质量比范围内硫肟醚在土壤中的降解速率随其质量比的增加而提高;但当质量比继续增加时,硫肟醚的降解速率表现出下降趋势.硫肟醚在土壤中的降解遵循一级动力学方程,其在非灭菌与灭菌土壤中的降解速率常数k分别为8.106×10-3和1.63×10-3;半衰期分别为85.5 d和425.2 d.微生物对硫肟醚在土壤中的降解具有显著的影响.     

Environmental monitoring of carbaryl applied in urban areas to control the glassy-winged sharpshooter in California

Carbaryl insecticide was applied by ground spray to plants in urban areas to control a serious insect pest the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata (Say), newly introduced inCalifornia. To assure there are no adverse impacts to human health and the environment from the carbaryl applications, carbaryl was monitored in tank mixtures, air, surface water, foliage and backyard fruits and vegetables.Results from the five urban areas – Porterville, Fresno, Rancho Cordova, Brentwood and Chico – showed there were no significanthuman exposures or impacts on the environment. Spray tank concentrations ranged from 0.1–0.32%. Carbaryl concentrationsin air ranged from none detected to 1.12 g m^-3, well below the interim health screening level in air of 51.7 g m^-3. There were three detections of carbaryl in surface water nearapplication sites: 0.125 ppb (parts per billion) from a water treatment basin; 6.94 ppb from a gold fish pond; and 1737 ppbin a rain runoff sample collected from a drain adjacent to a sprayed site. The foliar dislodgeable residues ranged from 1.54–7.12 g cm^-2, comparable to levels reported forsafe reentry of 2.4 to 5.6 g cm^-2 for citrus. Carbarylconcentrations in fruits and vegetables ranged from no detectableamounts to 7.56 ppm, which were below the U.S.EPA tolerance, allowable residue of 10 ppm.     

4种新型杀虫剂对黄色羽摇蚊(Chironomus flaviplumus)老熟幼虫的急性毒性

测定了峰升(15%杀单·唑磷乳油)、稻卫(20.2%阿维·唑磷乳油)、蚜螨克星(1.8%阿维·吡乳油)和蔬卫(2.4%高氯·阿维乳油)4种新型杀虫剂对黄色羽摇蚊(Chironomus flaviplumus)老熟幼虫的急性毒性.结果表明:峰升处理黄色羽摇蚊幼虫后24 h,不同浓度间的存活率无显著差异,而在其他时间段(48、72、96 h),随着杀虫剂浓度的增加,存活率逐渐下降.其他3种杀虫剂处理黄色羽摇蚊幼虫4 d,随着杀虫剂浓度的增加,每天的存活率也呈下降趋势.峰升、稻卫、蚜螨克星和蔬卫对黄色羽摇蚊幼虫48 h的LCs0分别为0.1735、0.0249、0.0015和0.0046 mg·L-1.蚜螨克星毒性最高,毒性在同一数量级的还有蔬卫,其次为稻卫.峰升毒性最低,但仍属高毒杀虫剂.     

水中BPMC等残留农药的分析方法研究

BPMC、Propyzamide、TPN、Diazinon、IBP、MEP、Benthiocarb、Isoxathion、EPN等农药是目前广泛使用的除草剂和杀虫剂,其中部分农药如BPMC被列为毒害品,然而目前还没有可行有效的、针对以上物质的统一检测方法。选用了合适的有机溶剂对多种组分进行同时萃取,经过净化后采用气相色谱-质谱法测定,分析效果较好。     

Chemical and photochemical transformation of fenamiphos—an organophosphorus nematicide

Fenamiphos, an organophosphorus nematicide and its hydrolysis product 4‐methylthio‐m‐cresol under dye‐sensitized photo‐oxidative conditions yielded the corresponding sulfoxide analogs. Under UV‐photolytic conditions, fenamiphos in methanol solution gave mainly the cleavage products. To obtain standards of the oxidative degradation products/metabolites in larger quantities, fenamiphos and fenamiphos phenol was chemically transformed to the corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone. Their structures were confirmed by ‘HNMR and mass spectra.     

9种杀虫剂对中华大刀螂幼虫的毒性

螳螂是田间控制害虫种群增加的重要捕食性天敌之一。以中华大刀螂3龄幼虫(Paratenodera sinensis Saussure)为受试生物,利用9种常用杀虫剂配制成不同浓度梯度的药剂,通过喷雾法直接暴露,分别测定了LC50和死亡率来评价不同杀虫剂对中华大刀螂毒性和危害程度的影响。结果显示,9种杀虫剂对中华大刀螂幼虫的毒性(LC50值)差异很大,用药后24h的LC50在0.7182～347.7962mg·L-1之间,LC95在8.8057～1734.5650mg·L-1之间;用药后48h的LC50在0.3564～193.6887mg·L-1之间,LC95在3.8958～1548.3258mg·L-1之间;用药后72h的LC50在0.2232～115.3391mg·L-1之间,LC95在1.7730～530.6462mg·L-1之间。不同杀虫剂对中华大刀螂幼虫的毒性差异最高达到543.46倍。毒性大小依次为,高效氯氟氰菊酯﹥啶虫脒﹥联苯菊酯﹥毒死蜱﹥噻虫嗪﹥茚虫威﹥吡虫啉﹥阿维菌素﹥苏云金杆菌原粉(Bt)。根据田间推荐浓度处理的死亡率判断,毒死蜱、联苯菊酯、啶虫脒、高效氯氟氰菊酯为有害水平,Bt为中度有害水平,吡虫啉、茚虫威、噻虫嗪为微害水平,阿维菌素接近无害水平。根据LC50与田间推荐浓度的比值判断,阿维菌素、吡虫啉对螳螂种群数量不会产生太大影响;Bt、茚虫威和噻虫嗪对螳螂种群数量会产生一定危害;而毒死蜱、啶虫脒、联苯菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯将严重影响螳螂种群数量的稳定性。在24～72h范围内,不同杀虫剂LC50和LC95随施药时间的延长而降低,说明暴露时间越长毒性越大,危害程度也越大。建议在中华大刀螂生活范围内减少高效氯氟氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、啶虫脒和毒死蜱的施用,推荐杀虫剂田间使用量时,除考虑对防治对象的防效,还应考虑对天敌种群的危害,提高药剂使用安全性,保护天敌种群的稳定性。     

Adsorption behavior of imidacloprid pesticide on polar microplastics under environmental conditions: critical role of photo-aging

● Small molecular chains formed on photo-aged polylactic acid microplastics (MPs). ● Oxygen-containing functional groups generated on photo-aged polyamide MPs. ● Photo-aging has the opposite influence on the imidacloprid adsorption on two MPs. ● Electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds were the main mechanisms. ● High pH value and low ionic strength increase the adsorption capacity. The photo-aging behavior of microplastics (MPs) in natural environment has become a global concern. The ultraviolet radiation has enough energy to change the polymer structure and physical-chemical properties of MPs. Less attention has focused on the interactions of the photo-aged polar and biodegradable MPs with organic pollutants. This work investigated the structural properties of aged polar polyamide (PA) MPs and biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) MPs exposed to ultraviolet irradiation and their adsorption behavior and mechanism for neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid (IMI). The results showed that the MPs had extensive changes in surface morphology and chemical properties after photo-aging. The C–N bond of PA MPs was disrupted to form more carbonyl groups. The oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of aged PLA MPs were broken and generated relatively smaller molecules. The adsorption capacity of IMI on PA MPs decreased by 19.2 %, while the adsorption capacity of IMI on PLA MPs increased by 41.2 % after photo-aging. This depended on the natural structure of the MPs and their ability to absorb ultraviolet light. The electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals interactions, and polar-polar interactions were the main adsorption mechanisms of IMI on MPs. High initial solution pH and low ionic strength favored the adsorption of IMI by altering charge distribution on the MPs surface. The formation of the humic acid-IMI complexes decreased the concentration of IMI in the water phase and further decreased the adsorption on MPs. These results are enlightening for a scientific comprehension of the environmental behavior of the polar MPs.     

Toxicity of new pyrethroid in pest insects Asciamonuste and Diaphania hyalinata,predator Solenopsis saevissima and stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula

There is increasing demand for new products for vegetable pest management. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the toxicity of pyrethroids with acid moiety modifications to measure the insecticidal activity of these compounds on the lepidopteran vegetable pests Diaphania hyalinata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Asciamonuste (Latreille) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) and evaluate their selectivity for the predatory ant Solenopsis saevissima (F. Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and pollinator Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponinae). Racemic mixtures of five new pyrethroids (30 µg molecule mg^?1 insect body weight) resulted in high (100%) and rapid (stable LD₅₀ after 12 h) mortality in D. hyalinata and A. monuste. In A. monuste, the trans-pyrethroid [12] isomer showed similar toxicity to permethrin. For D. hyalinata, the trans-pyrethroid [9] isomer and cis-pyrethroid [10] isomer were as toxic as permethrin. Due to their low selectivity, these new pyrethroids should be applied on the basis of ecological selectivity principles to minimize impacts on nontarget organisms S. saevissima and T. angustula.     

杀虫剂单甲脒对绿藻的毒性研究

研究了杀虫剂单甲脒对斜生栅藻（Ｓｃｅｎｅｄｅｓｍｕｓｏｂｌｉｑｕｕｓ）和蛋白核小球藻（Ｃｈｌｏｒｅｌｌａｐｙｒｅｎｏｉ－ｄｏｓａ）的短期和长期毒性。用细胞密度计算出的４８ｈＥＣ＿（５０）分别为１．４２和１．４１ｍｇ／Ｌ，９６ｈＥＣ＿（５０）分别为１．６７和１．６２ｍｇ／Ｌ长期毒性试验结果表明，经试验初期的抑制后，杀虫剂单甲脒能促进藻类繁衍。     

Effect of cypermethrin insecticide on the microbial community in cucumber phyllosphere

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is one of the most widely used vegetable in the world,and different pesticides have been extensively used for controlling the insects and disease pathogens of this plant.However,little is known about how the pesticides affect the microbial community in cucumber phyllosphere.This study was the first attempt to assess the impact of pyrethroid insecticide cyperemethrin on the microbial communities of cucumber phyllosphere using biochemical and genetic approaches.Phospholipid fatty ac...