Pesticide Contamination of Jamaican Environment. II. Insecticide Residues in the Rivers and Shrimps of Rio Cobre Basin, 1982–1996

Only organochlorine (OC) residues were monitored by gas chromatographyin water, sediment and shrimp samples collected everymonth between July 1982 and August 1983 from therivers of Rio Cobre basin. In samples collected everyfour months during 1989–1990, and seven times duringJuly 1995–March 1996, OC and OP (organophosphates)residues were monitored. Carbamate and pyrethroidresidues were not monitored. The detection ofresidues in 1982–1983 was 54 to 100% in water andsediment, and 83 to 100% in shrimp samples fromvarious sampling stations in the four rivers. In otheryears, it ranged from about 40 to 100% in the threetypes of samples.In 1982–1983, DDE and dieldrin residues were found tobe much higher than those of lindane and - and-endosulfan in Black River, Rio Pedro, ThomasRiver and Rio Cobre in the watershed. The ranges ofmeans of each residue in water (g L^-1), sediment(ng g^-1) and shrimp (ng g^-1) samples, respectively, were:DDE, 0.059–102.0, 3.44–13.97, 0.344–14.57;dieldrin, 0.026–173.6, 1.21–2.75, 0.427–5.59;-endosulfan, bdl, 1.75–4.00, bdl;-endosulfan, bdl (below detectable limits), 2.51–9.48, bdl;and lindane, (bdl), 0.110–0.319, 2.90.In 1989–1990 and 1995–1996, residues of six OCs and two OPs were detected quite regularly. DDE, dieldrinand Chlorpyrifos residues were much higher than thoseof the other insecticides. The range of their meansin water (g L^-1), sediment and shrimp (ng g^-1),respectively, were: DDE, 1.66–19.76, 0.941–5.84,1.11–8.32; dieldrin, 0.077–7.22, 0.425–3.31,0.385–1.59; -endosulfan, 0.034–1.25, 0.021–1.22, 0.032–3.62; -endosulfan, 0.665–1.23,0.008–3.60, 0.005–3.97; endosulfan sulphate, 0.959–1.34, 0.035–3.08, 0.012–1.80; lindane, bdl,0.005–0.82, 1.19–1.56; chlorpyrifos, 0.702–4.06,0.005–1.51, 0.156–7.04; and diazinon, bdl, 0–0.150, 0.001–0.006. At the mouth of the river, whereit discharges into the sea, the levels of almost allthe residues were higher than upstream.     

单甲脒农药对草型塘模型生态系统影响的初步研究

在室外中等规模草型塘模型生态系统（Ｖ＝３ｍ＾３）中，实验研究了国产新农药单甲脒盐酸盐水剂对池塘生态系统结构与功能的影响，在１２．５、２５．０和５０．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的农药浓度下１周左右，大型水生植物，浮游植物，浮游动物，底栖动物均受到不同程度的损伤的破坏，种类，密度，多样性指数下降，高浓度组中浮游生物全部消亡；水层中的好氧异养菌数量则明显增加，单甲脒浓度越高异养菌数量加越多，与此同时，群落产氧量减少，呼     

印楝素及印楝杀虫剂的安全性评价研究进展

目前开发的新农药必须具有安全性高、残留低、与环境相容的无公害的农药,从一些植物材料中分离出杀虫活性物质来防治害虫具有较长的历史和优势,从印楝中可以分离出多种对害虫具有活性的化合物如印楝素及等可以有效地控制多种害虫。自印楝素被分离鉴定以来,其广谱而独特的生物活性受到人们的广泛关注,印楝素具有良好的杀虫、拒食、驱虫、昆虫生长调节作用等多种生物活性,在农药、日化等领域都有广泛的应用;由印楝素制备的印楝杀虫制剂对害虫的广谱作用、无残留,可减缓害虫的抗药性,是用于蔬菜、果树、茶叶等作物的理想农药,已成为一种近乎完美的植物源杀虫剂。针对日益严重的农药残留及热点关注的环境安全性等问题,系统总结了印楝素及印楝杀虫剂对人、动物等的毒性及环境安全性评价,将有利于全面评价印楝杀虫剂的安全性及有效地指导印楝杀虫剂开发、生产及推广应用。     

Total release fogger exposures reported to Texas poison centers, 2000–2009

Total release foggers or “bug bombs” are products designed to fill an area such as a home or workplace with insecticide. Because of their method of action, unintentional exposures may occur. Cases for this retrospective study were all fogger exposures reported to Texas poison centers during 2000–2009. The distribution of cases was identified for various demographic and clinical factors. There were 2855 fogger exposures. Among the patients 56.0% were females and 69.5% were 20 years or older. Considering the exposure circumstances 95.6% were unintentional and 62.2% occurred through inhalation. The management site was 75.2% on site. The medical outcomes were no effect (11.8%), minor effect (25.1%), moderate effect (7.4%), major effect (0.1%), not followed (no effects expected) (3.5%), not followed (minimal effects expected) (39.3%), not followed (potentially toxic) (4.9%), and effects probably unrelated to exposure (7.7%). The most frequently reported clinical effects were cough (25.4%), vomiting (13.3%), nausea (9.2%), dyspnea (8.7%), throat irritation (7.9%), and headache (5.6%). The public needs to be educated about the potential hazard of exposures to foggers. However, most fogger exposures reported to poison centers are not likely to be seriously toxic and can be managed at home.     

Chemical analysis of tobacco cigarette for organochlorine insecticides and heavy metal composition

The effects of cigarette smoking on smokers and the environment were investigated by analyzing some cigarette brands available to Nigerian smokers for the presence of some of the widely used organochlorine (OC) pesticides and heavy metals. OC pesticide residues were extracted from tobacco smoke, separated and identified using column chromatographic and thin layer chromatographic techniques respectively, while ashed and unashed commercial cigarettes were analyzed for heavy metals – Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Co using atomic absorption spectrometry. TLC data indicated that dieldrin and p,p′-DDD were present in some of the cigarette brands. The results of heavy metal analysis showed that the levels of some toxic heavy metals and pollution index were higher in unashed cigarettes than corresponding ashes. Evidence suggests that significant amounts of these toxic metals are inhaled by the smoker and/or released into the environment in the process of cigarette smoking, thus confirming that cigarette smoking is harmful to the environment and human health.     

杀虫剂对土壤温室气体排放的影响

在室内培养条件下,研究了在施用尿素的土壤（有效氮质量分数为200 mg·kg^-1）中分别添加不同剂量（在5、10和50 mg·kg^-1）的吡虫啉和毒死蜱2种杀虫剂时,杀虫剂对土壤温室气体CO2、N2O和CH4排放过程的影响。结果表明：和空白相比,施用尿素明显地增加了土壤中温室气体N2O和CO2的排放量,但对CH4的排放无明显影响。当施用5 mg·kg^-1吡虫啉时,土壤中N2O和CO2排放总量和尿素处理相比无明显差异,但吡虫啉用量上升至10和50 mg·kg^-1时则显著降低了温室气体N2O和CO2的排放量（P〈0.05）,N2O排放量分别降低了26.89%和53.10%,CO2排放量分别降低15.14%和13.79%。毒死蜱在5、10和50 mg·kg^-1三种用量时土壤的N2O排放量与尿素处理相比均无明显差异。毒死蜱在5和10 mg·kg^-1用量时则明显抑制了土壤CO2的排放（p〈0.05）,分别比尿素处理降低了19.88%和19.02%;用量上升到50 mg·kg^-1用量时,土壤的CO2排放量与尿素处理相比无差异。吡虫啉和毒死蜱对CH4排放量均没有明显影响。可见,杀虫剂施用明显影响到土壤温室气体的排放,但不同杀虫剂品种及其用量的效应也存在明显差异。     

拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的酶促降解

测定了降解菌Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓ ｓｐ．ＹＦ １１粗酶液对拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的降解性能,粗酶液降解杀灭菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氯氯菊酯、溴氰菊酯氯菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯的最适ｐＨ分别为８．０、８．５、８．０、８．０、９．０、７．５;米氏常数分别为４１．４、１３６．８、６５．４、２２２．８、５．２、８．６７ｎｍｏｌ／ｍｌ;最适温度为３２．５℃,该粗酶液在ｐＨ５．０－１０．５均具有降解活性。     

卫生用农药对居室环境影响与评价

研究了以拟除虫菊酯类农药为主要配方的各种类型卫生用农药在居室介质材料上的降解速率及残留时间。试验表明，拟除虫菊酯类农药对家蚕毒性极大。推荐ＳＯＳ／Ｕｍｕ原位法测定家庭卫生用农药的致遗传毒性，该法简便、准确，并能根据酶诱导率了解毒性程度，剂量－反应关系明显。     

农药混配剂对大鼠肠酯酶同工酶的抑制作用研究

比较了速灭杀丁、杀螟松和增效剂NIA_(16388)的单剂和混剂在离体与整体条件下对大鼠肠脂酶同工酶的抑制作用.结果表明,大鼠肠至少有10条酯酶带,主要由羧酸酯酶组成.杀螟松能强烈抑制羧酸酯酶活力,而速灭杀丁与NIA_(16388)在处理2h时呈现抑制作用,而随处理时间的增加酶活力有恢复的现象,羧酸酯酶的这种抑制作用同杀虫剂的剂量有关.     

Identification of impurities in technical monocrotophos

A number of impurities present in technical monocrotophos (76%) were isolated by column chromatography and structures were assigned by GC‐MS analysis.