城乡结合部土地利用预警研究

在总结前人对城乡结合部土地利用预警研究工作内容的基础上，依据预警的理论分析了城乡结合部土地利用变化，对其运行机制进行了研究，通过城乡结合部土地利用变化的动态监测，建立了城乡结合部土地利用的预警监控体系，以保证土地政策的实施达到预期效果。     

GROUND WATER YIELDS AND INVENTORY FOR LAND-USE PLANNING IN CRYSTALLINE ROCK AREAS OF WAKE COUNTY,NORTH CAROLINA1

In urbanizing areas underlain by crystalline rocks an inventory of the usable ground water should form an important element in the land-use planning process. Land-use decisions are most often made upon water-well yield data alone, but these data do not address the inventory question. A method utilizing local geology, stream lowflow characteristics, and pumping test data permitted outlining portions of Wake County, North Carolina, which are more favorable and those which are less favorable for ground water supply development. Information from state-required 24-hour pumping tests on 232 wells was supplemented by information from an additional 100 wells whose initial yields were determined by shorter pumping tests. Comparison of the ground water inventory values on a per acre or per square mile basis with average water use at various residential densities provides information useful to the responsible political body as it decides about population density distribution and the need for surface water supplies. For Wake Country an average density of one residential unit per acre appears generally permissible before overdraft of the ground water supplies becomes a significant risk. By utilizing the ground water inventory and patterns of ground water yields from various rock types, county officials can maximize the effectiveness of public facilities funds. The technique appears useful for other parts of the Piedmont region of the southeastern United States.     

STORM WATER RUNOFF QUALITY FROM THREE LAND-USE AREAS IN SOUTH FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Storm water runoff studies of three small basins (20, 40, and 58 acres) in the Fort Lauderdale area of Florida were conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1974–78. The basins were homogeneously developed with land uses being: commercial, single family residential, and high traffic volume highway. Synchronized data were collected for rainfall, storm water discharge, storm water quality, and bulk precipitation (rainfall plus dry fallout) quality. Analysis of the storm water discharge data showed that most runoff was from impervious areas hydraulically connected to drain inlets. Regression analyses of the storm water discharge and water quality data indicated that storm loads from the single family residential area correlated strongly with peak discharge and length of antecedent dry periods. Storm loads from the highway area correlated strongly with rainfall and less strongly with peak discharge and antecedent dry periods. Storm loads from the commercial area correlated strongly with peak discharge and rainfall, and less strongly with antecedent dry periods. On a unit area basis, the single family residential area yielded the largest loads of nitrogen, phosphorus, and dissolved solids. The commercial area yielded the largest loads of lead, zinc, and chemical oxygen demand. Yields of carbon were about the same for the three areas. Constituent loadings derived directly from the atmosphere were estimated on the basis of bulk precipitation samples and compared with storm runoff loads from the highway and commercial areas.     

中田河流域景观异质性对水体总氮浓度影响研究

土地利用变化使输移至河流的营养盐负荷发生变化从而导致地表水水质变化.研究景观异质性对营养负荷的影响程度对改善水质的最佳管理措施至关重要.本研究从2013年1~12月,对中田河流域干支流水系20个监测点的地表水总氮浓度进行了周年定点监测,考虑到流域单元的嵌套关系,选择7个土地利用结构和13个景观格局指数,探讨了景观异质性对中田河流域水体总氮浓度的影响.研究表明:1建设用地和草地对总氮浓度有重大影响,表现为建设用地会恶化水质,而草地可以改善水质;2景观斑块-形状指数、景观斑块-面积指数和建设用地是景观尺度上影响流域总氮浓度的主要因素;3回归分析进一步显示建设用地和景观斑块-面积指数对总氮浓度的贡献分别是67.31%和32.69%.     

Land-use induced changes in topsoil organic carbon stock of paddy fields using MODIS and TM/ETM analysis: A case study ofWujiang County, China

Topsoil soil organic carbon (SOC) that plays an important role in mitigating atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO_2) buildup is greatly affected by human activities.To evaluate the influence of land-use changes on SOC stocks in paddy soils,a new algorithm was developed by integrating MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectral-radiometer) and TM/ETM data for timely monitoring the land-use change in Wujiang County.Thereafter,the land-use class-maps derived from MODIS and TM/ETM analyses were further used to est...     

秦淮河流域城镇用地增长格局及其演化机制——秦淮河流域江宁段实证

利用四期遥感TM数据和GIS技术,通过分析20年秦淮河流域城镇用地增长格局及其演化机制,为流域综合管理和模拟提供重要参数,研究结果表明:①城镇用地增长显示阶段性和空间的不均匀性,增长拐点发生在1994年和2000年,空间上表现出增长"热极"与"热带";②城镇用地增长阶段性是经济社会过程及驱动因子演化阶段的反映,回归分析显示城镇用地增长与城镇人口、经济总量及开发区发展相关系数高,这归于1992年开发区创建、投资增加与2000年撤县设区驱动的结果;③城镇用地增长格局变化是社会经济物质载体演化的体现,1992年后开发区成为城镇用地增长首要来源,2000年后东山新市区与大学城成为其增长核心和新形式,机场与高速公路网强化对城镇用地的空间导向.研究结果较客观地刻画了城市化格局与过程的演化规律,参数应用与数据精度的提高是今后研究的重点.     

基于SOM模型的中国耕地压力分类研究

根据耕地利用在经济、社会和生态方面面临的压力状况,以指标构建原则为基础,设计一套压力大小量化的指标体系,引入具有较强的聚类和容错能力的自组织特征映射(SOM)神经网络模型,在说明SOM 网络模型和算法的基础上,应用自组织特征映射网络的聚类功能,以MATLAB语言构建SOM网络模型,对我国的31省（市、自治区）耕地利用压力大小进行了分类。结果显示我国耕地压力的区域差显著且与经济地域差异有高度的一致性,表明经济发展是耕地压力的主要来源。选取大样本的神经网络训练得到的结果和现实的一致也表明,自组织特征映射模型是一种适用的耕地压力区域分类新方法。     

建国50年海南岛社会经济发展与资源环境变化研究

本文根据建国以来海南岛地区的行政管理体制。政策演变历程。研究了海南岛社会经济发展和资源环境变化之间的关系．通过对社会经济数据和资源环境数据的综合分析。将海南岛社会经济发展和资源环境变化划分为三个不同特点的阶段，并分别阐述了这三个阶段社会经济发展和资源环境变化的不同特点以及社会经济发展对资源环境变化的影响过程。本文对于评价建国50年来海南岛经济发展和资源环境变化、预测未来社会的发展并作出合理的规划具有重要意义。     

基于RS与GIS的土地沙漠化与土地利用变化时空耦合

土地利用是土地沙漠化发生、发展的重要驱动因子之一.研究土地利用变化及其与土地沙漠化之间的时空关系,是查明土地沙漠化成因机理及发展驱动的重要前提和基础.本文以毛乌素沙地为例,基于TM遥感影像,应用RS与GIS技术,在对20世纪80年代末到90年代末毛乌素沙地土地沙漠化演变与土地利用变化过程反演的基础上,从时空耦合的角度,对毛乌素沙地土地沙漠化演变与土地利用变化之间的关系进行了耦合关联分析,并建立了土地沙漠化转化等级与土地利用变化类型之间的关联关系.研究结果显示毛乌素土地沙漠化与土地利用变化之间具有较强的关联关系,而且这种关联性具有较为明显的区域差异性.     

中国城市建设用地集聚对利用效率的影响:机理、空间效应与分群差异

为探究城市建设用地集聚对城市建设用地利用效率的作用机理,文章基于2003—2017年中国278个地级及以上城市面板数据,通过构建多产出随机前沿生产函数模型测度城市建设用地利用效率,采用时间-空间双固定的空间杜宾模型探讨了不同程度的城市建设用地集聚对利用效率的影响机理与差异。结果表明:(1)从时空特征上来看,样本考察期内中国城市建设用地利用效率总体上呈稳步提升趋势,东部城市建设用地效率最高,西部次之,中部最低。(2)从全国维度的空间计量模型回归结果来看,城市建设用地集聚所带来的规模效应和外溢效应对城市建设用地利用效率具有改进作用,有利于利用效率进一步提升。(3)从不同城市建设用地集聚度分群回归结果来看,高集聚城市(东部发达地区)的直接效应显示随着城市建设用地集聚度的提高,利用效率也不断提高;间接效应中,建设用地集聚度的提高对周边城市的利用效率产生先带动后抑制的"倒U"形作用。低集聚城市(中西部欠发达地区)的直接效应和间接效应均显示,随着城市建设用地集聚的提高,其利用效率存在"先降后升"的"U"形曲线特征。可见,在城市发展的不同阶段,城市建设用地集聚对城市土地利用效率存在差异化影响。因此,中国城市发展应立足当前发展阶段特征,制定差别化的供地政策,促进城市建设用地集聚,针对性地提升区域要素利用效率,支撑经济社会进一步发展。