测定废水中总磷的两种预处理方法的比较

对测定总磷含量的两种预处理方法即过硫酸钾和硝酸-硫酸消解方法进行了对比实验。这两种方法均为国家环保部认可的标准方法,经实验证明其精密度和准确度都符合要求。     

Urease inhibitor reduces N losses and improves plant-bioavailability of urea applied in fine particle and granular forms under field conditions

A field lysimeter/mini plot experiment was established in a silt loam soil near Lincoln, New Zealand, to investigate the effectiveness of urea fertilizer in fine particle application (FPA), with or without the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT - “Agrotain”), in decreasing nitrogen (N) losses and improving N uptake efficiency. The five treatments were: control (no N) and ¹⁵N-labelled urea, with or without NBPT, applied to lysimeters or mini plots (unlabelled urea), either in granular form to the soil surface or in FPA form (through a spray) at a rate equivalent to 100 kg N ha⁻¹. Gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH₃) and nitrous oxide (N₂O), nitrate (NO₃⁻) leaching, herbage dry-matter (DM) production, N-response efficiency, total N uptake and total recovery of applied ¹⁵N in the plant and soil varied with urea application method and with addition of NBPT. Urea with NBPT, applied in granular or FPA form, was more effective than in application without NBPT: N₂O emissions were reduced by 7-12%, NH₃ emissions by 65-69% and NO₃⁻ leaching losses by 36-55% compared with granular urea. Urea alone and with NBPT, applied in FPA form increased herbage DM production by 27% and 38%, respectively. The N response efficiency increased from 10 kg DM kg⁻¹ of applied N with granular urea to 19 kg DM kg⁻¹ with FPA urea and to 23 kg DM kg⁻¹ with FPA urea plus NBPT. Urea applied in FPA form resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) higher ¹⁵N recovery in the shoots compared with granular treatments and this was improved further when urea in FPA form was applied with NBPT. These results suggest that applying urea with NBPT in FPA form has potential as a management tool in mitigating N losses, improving N-response efficiency and increasing herbage DM production in intensive grassland systems.     

内陆丘陵河谷地区小风条件下的大气扩散模拟研究

针对湖南中部丘陵河谷地区的气象特点,开展了小风条件下大气扩散的数值模拟研究,并与示踪实验结果进行比较.模拟采用美国EPA推荐的非稳态拉格朗日高斯烟团模式CALPUFF,以加密的地面气象观测资料、边界层垂直廓线观测资料和铁塔多层湍流观测资料作为模拟气象场的输入.中等风速和小风条件下的模拟结果表明:模式对地表类型及资料的分...     

石煤灰渣酸浸提钒后残渣作水泥混合材试验研究

为探索提钒残渣用作水泥混合材的可行性,根据提钒残渣的物化特性分析,设计出合理的配料方案,通过对试样的物理检验,研究了提钒残渣的掺量对水泥性能的影响.试验结果表明,提钒残渣属于活性混合材,在掺量为25%-40%时,可单独用作水泥混合材,且不论单掺还是和水泥厂石煤渣对掺,水泥各项性能指标均符合GB175-2007<通用硅酸...     

黄花水龙对富营养化水体中氮磷去除效果的研究

在太湖地区沟渠、池塘及河网中广泛分布着1种形态类似水花生的土著浮水植物--黄花水龙,其生长习性表明黄花水龙是太湖地区水生态系统修复的潜在物种.采用室内试验和现场观测相结合的方式,进一步探讨了黄花水龙对富营养化水体中氮磷的去除效果.室内试验结果显示,夏季黄花水龙对总氮去除率约为60%,分别是水葫芦、水花生和对照的2.6、2.9和3.8倍,对总磷去除率约为25%,分别是水葫芦、水花生和对照的0.7、1.9和5倍;冬季黄花水龙对总氮和总磷去除率分别约为23%和20%,是对照的3.3和2倍;夏季和冬季黄花水龙对氨氮和硝氮亦有良好的净化效果.宜兴林庄港现场观测显示,7～10月引种黄花水龙的河段水体中总氮和总磷的去除率为10.2%～19.6%和23.4%～41.6%,而同期对照河段仅为0.1%～1.6%和3.7%～5.6%.室内试验和现场试验结果均表明黄花水龙对受损水体中氮磷具有良好的净化效果,可作为太湖河网富营养化水体修复的植物之一.     

我国垃圾焚烧飞灰性质及其重金属浸出特性分析

调查分析了我国12个垃圾焚烧飞灰样品的性质和重金属浸出规律.结果表明,飞灰的主要组成元素有Si、Ca、Al、Fe、K、Na、Cl 等,除1个样品外,飞灰样品中的重金属元素含量均在0 .5%～3 .0%范围内.由此可见焚烧飞灰具有较大的环境风险,必须按危险废物进行安全管理.应用单批次浸出程序检测结果表明,美国EPA的毒性浸出程序（TCLP）和我国固体废物浸出毒性鉴别程序（GB 5086 .1-1997）对焚烧飞灰中的重金属浸出率偏低,且二者对飞灰危险性评估的差异较大,这主要是受二者不同的浸出液最终的pH值所影响.常规酸中和容量（GANC）浸出试验结果表明,飞灰中重金属的浸出主要受浸出液的最终pH值影响,而该pH值取决于飞灰中碱性物质与浸取剂酸度二者间的相互作用.通过对不同类别程序的浸出过程分析发现,在相同浸取液作用下,单批次式浸出程序的静态平衡终点与连续过流式浸出程序的平衡终点存在较大差异,有必要结合我国飞灰特点和实际处置场景,建立适用于焚烧飞灰的单批次式毒性浸出试验程序,避免对飞灰危险性识别的不足和管理的失控.     

Optimization of process parameters using response surface methodology for bioconversion of activated sludge by Penicillium corylophilum

The optimization of process parameters for the bioconversion of activated sludge by Penicillium corylophilum was investigated using response surface methodology （RSM）. The three parameters namely temperature of 33℃, agitation of 150 r/min, and pH of 5 were chosen as center point from the previous study of fungal treatment. The experimental data on chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal （%） were fitted into a quadratic polynomial model using multiple regression analysis. The optimum process conditions were determined by analyzing response surface three-dimensional surface plot and contour plot and by solving the regression model equation with Design Expert software. Box-Behnken design technique under RSM was used to optimize their interactions, which showed that an incubation temperature of 32.5℃, agitation of 105 r/min, and pH of 5.5 were the best conditions. Under these conditions, the maximum predicted yield of COD removal was 98.43%. These optimum conditions were used to evaluate the trail experiment, and the maximum yield of COD removal was recorded as 98.5%.     

四氯化碳在包气带的迁移机理及动态降解

生物降解方法是处理有机物污染的土壤和地下水的主要途径。试验以污染场地土壤为样本,分析土样的有机碳含量、容重、密度、孔隙比、饱和含水率等基本物理特性,并制作成试验土柱,模拟研究四氯化碳在包气带土壤中垂直迁移规律,动态分析影响生物降解的主要因素。结果表明,四氯化碳随淋溶作用向深层迁移,并在包气带底部积聚;温度是影响生物降解的重要因素,当温度为18℃时,稳定降解率最大为48.2μg/L;该菌株最适宜降解的四氯化碳淋溶强度为42.3μg/L,此时菌株能正常地进行生物代谢;25 g/L的葡萄糖对微生物降解有促进作用,稳定降解率达44.3%。     

高铁低铝煤矸石酸法提取铝、铁研究

以高铁低铝煤矸石为原料,经机械活化,酸浸提取有价元素铝、铁.首先利用硫酸盐在不同温度和不同硫酸质量分数条件下的溶解度差异,通过结晶分离法从酸浸液中转移出硫酸盐,然后利用新鲜煤矸石中和酸浸液中的游离酸,调节pH值至1.5～2.0,制备酸浸初步净化液.以初步净化液为研究对象,利用不同离子水解pH值的差异进行物质分离,再经纯化处理制备相应产品.用XRD对原料和产品进行了表征.结果表明,在硫酸质量分数为75％的条件下,反应液固比为4、温度为125℃、3h时煤矸石中铝、铁溶出率分别为92.5％、99.7％.通过项目经济效益分析可知,该法可以产生良好的环境效益、社会效益,同时可实现煤矸石增值,产生较好的经济效益.     

酸性水动态淋滤与静态浸泡土壤中氟的实验研究

模拟研究了不同pH值的淋滤液对土壤的动态淋滤及静态浸泡,用氟离子选择电极法测定了不同pH值淋滤液在不同时间段获取的淋出液中氟浓度以及淋滤后残渣中的氟含量,结果表明:淋滤液的pH值、淋滤时间以及土壤中氟的赋存形态对氟的淋出影响重大。淋滤液的酸性越强,土壤中氟的最大淋出浓度越大,土壤中被淋出的氟含量越高,淋出率也越高且氟的淋出主要集中在淋滤初期60h内,后渐趋于平缓;动态淋滤淋出的氟含量及溶出率均稍高于静态浸泡,这可能源于动态淋滤较强的分子运动,进而使提取剂充分渗透到土壤基质中。黄壤、黄棕壤、水稻土在pH=3的淋出液中的氟浓度变化曲线表明土壤淋洗作用更多的是将土壤中的可溶性氟盐淋洗掉。可溶性氟盐越多,被淋失的氟就越多。