NGO/PDA-DAG改性膜制备及抗污染性能研究

以多巴胺（DA）、1,3-二氨基胍盐酸盐（DAG）、氨基化氧化石墨烯（NGO）为改性剂,将氧化沉积和表面接枝法联用于聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）原膜表面改性,得到NGO/PDA-DAG改性膜,研究改性膜的制备条件及其抗污染性能.结果表明：①改性膜最佳制备条件为DA浓度1.5mg/mL,DA氧化沉积时间4h,DAG质量浓度1wt%,NGO浓度2mg/mL,NGO接枝时间1h;②改性膜的亲水性能改善明显.改性剂向膜面引入了-NH₂、C=N、-OH、C=O等亲水性官能团,使静态接触角由68.7°（原膜）下降到38.7°（改性膜）;③改性膜比原膜具有更高的机械强度.改性层改善了原膜表面应力传递盲区,使改性膜表面粗糙度由原膜的46.5nm下降到18.3nm.改性膜的拉伸强度和杨氏模量分别为22.83和376.25Mpa,比原膜提高了39.72%和13.57%;④改性膜的选择透过性和抗有机污染性能显著提高.与原膜相比,改性膜对牛血清白蛋白（BSA）的截留率提高18.64%、纯水通量恢复率提高34.08%、膜总污染率下降20.67%（可逆污染率提高13.41%、不可逆污染率下降34.08%）;⑤改性膜抗菌性能强,且抗菌效果稳定持久.改性膜连续4次抗菌测试（38℃下接触2h）的平均抗菌率分别为92.3%、88.5%、87.9%、85.6%,能有效防止生物膜污染发生,而原膜无任何抗菌特性.     

不同小分子物质与传统抗菌剂对混合菌生物膜形成的抑制效应

针对污水处理系统混合菌形成的生物膜,比较了两种传统抗菌剂(银离子和氯)及3种小分子物质,包括双(3-氨基丙基)胺、(Z-)-4-溴-5-(溴乙烯)-2(5H)-呋喃酮(BBF)和香兰素对生物膜形成的抑制效应.结果表明,本研究所选用的传统抗菌剂中,0.05~10 mg·L-1Ag+对生物膜形成的抑制率为23%~70%,0.01~20 mg·L-1氯对生物膜形成的抑制率为23%~53%.而在3种小分子物质中,500~2000μmol·L-1双(3-氨基丙基)胺对生物膜形成的抑制率为16%~68%,0.1~200 mg·L-1香兰素对生物膜形成的抑制率为20%~37%,1~20 mg·L-1BBF对生物膜形成的抑制率为11%~18%.高浓度的Ag+(0.1~10 mg·L-1)会显著抑制混合菌的生长,且浓度越高,抑制效果越显著.1000μmol·L-1以下的双(3-氨基丙基)胺基本不会抑制混合菌的生长,但高浓度(2000μmol·L-1)的双(3-氨基丙基)胺会显著抑制混合菌的生长.     

包埋活性污泥反硝化性能的快速提高及群落分析

为了快速提高以污水厂反硝化池污泥为菌源的反硝化包埋填料的活性,实现包埋固定化的工程化应用,探究包埋填料的微生物群落特性,采用批次实验研究不同碳氮比、温度、pH对包埋填料活性的影响,并采用高通量测序研究包埋填料的生物群落特性.结果表明,C/N为10、温度为30℃、pH为7.5±0.3时,经过7 d即可恢复5.37 mg·(g·h)~(-1)的初始活性.在C/N为10,温度为25℃,pH为8.0的最优培养条件下,15 d后比反硝化速率即增大15倍至80.17 mg·(g·h)~(-1)并实现稳定运行.SEM结果显示包埋填料内部存在大量利于传质的通道,内部的细菌呈团簇状生长良好.高通量测序表明,包埋填料中具有反硝化功能的Thauera和Thermomonas为优势菌属,所占比例分别为24.27%和8.23%,保证了反硝化填料脱氮的高效性.Thauera优势菌属和Thermomonas菌属在最优培养条件下快速增殖是填料活性快速提高的主要原因.     

石墨烯修饰电极微生物燃料电池及其抗菌性研究进展

基于石墨烯具有优异的物理化学特性,石墨烯修饰电极能有效提升微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cell,简称MFC)产电性能并降低制备成本,而成为MFC研究发展的重要方向.本文系统介绍了石墨烯及石墨烯复合材料修饰阳极和阴极MFC、石墨烯材料的抗菌性等方面的研究进展,提出深入探讨石墨烯修饰电极与MFC微生物的相互作用关系,协调MFC石墨烯修饰电极抗菌性及强化产电是今后石墨烯电极MFC研究的重要内容.     

低分子量壳聚糖Nd~(3+)配合物的合成及抑菌性研究

通过将高分子量壳聚糖经双氧水氧化降解制得低分子量壳聚糖,再与Nd3+配位制得低分子量壳聚糖Nd3+配合物,通过IR,UV,TG-TDA和GPC分析对L-CTS的分子量及L-CTS-Nd的结构进行了表征,考察了对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌性能。结果表明,低分子量壳聚糖与Nd3+形成了稳定的配合物,对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌均有良好的抑菌效果。     

家蝇抗菌蛋白的分离纯化及部分性质

通过体壁损伤诱导家蝇（Musca domestica)幼虫产生免疫血淋巴，经沸水浴热变性、减压蒸馏浓缩、Sephadex G-15柱脱盐、CM-Sepharose离子交换层析、Sephadex G-50凝胶过滤等步骤，分离得到一种具抗菌活性的蛋白质，并达电泳纯，结果表明，分离物不具血细胞凝集活性，也不是溶菌酶，而是一种未见报道的抗菌蛋白，经SDS-PAGE测得，该抗菌蛋白Mr=12600,等电点为9.8。     

一种包埋微生物复合填料的制备及性能评价简

采用包埋法制备出一种复合生物填料，测其各项理化性质，并以NO_x模拟废气验证其脱硝性能。填料主要由碳酸钙、牛粪堆肥腐殖质、菌剂载体、水泥、轻质珍珠岩、立体网状纤维及脱硝功能微生物等复合而成，粒径12 mm×20 mm，自然堆积密度（471±0.8）kg/m³，持水量（49±1.3）%，比表面积3.91 m²/g，平均机械强度（427.3±0.2）N，pH为10.5±0.2。填料能长期在潮湿环境中保持良好的粘结强度，并具有营养缓释及pH缓冲能力。包埋脱硝功能微生物复合填料中初期微生物数量5.3 ×10⁵ CFU/g，运行60 d后微生物数量达到8.6×10⁸ CFU/g，闲置停运30 d微生物有所减少，但重启后净化效率基本不变。当进气负荷低于1 878 mg/（m³·h），气体停留时间为14.47 s时，BF₁的去除率高达93.15%。     

超声、过硫酸钾协同去除水中诺氟沙星的效果

过硫酸钾活化可产生强氧化性硫酸根自由基(SO-4·),采用超声/过硫酸钾体系氧化降解诺氟沙星,考察了过硫酸钾浓度、诺氟沙星初始浓度、溶液初始p H值及自由基淬灭剂甲醇、叔丁醇对降解效果的影响.结果表明,超声/过硫酸钾体系能够显著降解和矿化诺氟沙星,与单独过硫酸钾、超声相比,超声/过硫酸钾对诺氟沙星的去除率分别提高了3.2和8.9倍,降解过程符合一级反应动力学.诺氟沙星的去除率随过硫酸钾浓度的增加趋于平缓.p H对诺氟沙星的降解影响较大,这是因为随p H的升高,体系中的氧化性物种由SO-4·转化为以SO-4·/HO·为主.TOC去除和大肠杆菌抗菌实验表明,反应180 min,超声/过硫酸钾能够实现49.12%的诺氟沙星矿化,且对大肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径由45 mm减小到14 mm(滤纸直径),完全去除其抗菌性.结果表明超声/过硫酸钾能够有效用于诺氟沙星废水处理.     

Phosphorus recovery from biogas fermentation liquid by Ca-Mg loaded biochar

Shortage in phosphorus (P) resources and P wastewater pollution is considered as a serious problem worldwide. The application of modified biochar for P recovery from wastewater and reuse of recovered P as agricultural fertilizer is a preferred process. This work aims to develop a calcium and magnesium loaded biochar (Ca-Mg/biochar) application for P recovery from biogas fermentation liquid. The physico-chemical characterization, adsorption efficiency, adsorption selectivity, and postsorption availability of Ca-Mg/biochar were investigated. The synthesized Ca-Mg/biochar was rich in organic functional groups and in CaO and MgO nanoparticles. With the increase in synthesis temperature, the yield decreased, C content increased, H content decreased, N content remained the same basically, and BET surface area increased. The P adsorption of Ca-Mg/biochar could be accelerated by nano-CaO and nano-MgO particles and reached equilibrium after 360 min. The process was endothermic, spontaneous, and showed an increase in the disorder of the solid-liquid interface. Moreover, it could be fitted by the Freundlich model. The maximum P adsorption amounts were 294.22, 315.33, and 326.63 mg/g. The P adsorption selectivity of Ca-Mg/biochar could not be significantly influenced by the typical pH level of biogas fermentation liquid. The nano-CaO and nano-MgO particles of Ca-Mg/biochar could reduce the negative interaction effects of coexisting ions. The P releasing amounts of postsorption Ca-Mg/biochar were in the order of Ca-Mg/B600 > Ca-Mg/B450 > Ca-Mg/B300. Results revealed that postsorption Ca-Mg/biochar can continually release P and is more suitable for an acid environment.     

Analyses of incinerated ash of paper sludge: comparison with incinerated ash of municipal solid waste

Fourteen paper sludge samples were collected at seven representative pulp and paper mills in Japan, and were analyzed to obtain fundamental data on the reuse of paper sludge-incinerated ash as papermaking material. For comparison, incinerated ashes of municipal solid waste (MSW) were collected at MSW incineration plants in Tokyo, and analyzed by similar methods. Elementary and X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the predominant elements in paper sludge samples are calcium, silicon, aluminum, and magnesium, which are derived from paper fillers, coating pigments, and coagulants used in papermaking and process effluent treatments. Similar results were also obtained for the MSW-incinerated ashes, indicating that major components in the collected MSW are paper-related materials. Incineration of paper sludge around 800°C is recommended in terms of high brightness of the incinerated ash, which has about 60% brightness. Calcium, silicon, and aluminum components in the paper sludge are fused or sintered by heating. Although paper-sludge-incinerated ashes have irregular shape and large particle size distributions, they may be used as papermaking materials after pulverization using a ball mill. The MSW-incinerated ashes have 5%–30% water-soluble fractions and low brightness, and thus incineration conditions must be changed to reuse the MSW-incinerated ash as a papermaking material.Part of this paper was presented at the 68th Research Conference of Japan Tappi, Tokyo, 2001