水肥管理对稻田土壤甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响

就稻田水肥管理对甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响研究进行了综述。文献分析表明,甲烷和氧化亚氮的排放条件存在明显的反位关系,即有利于甲烷排放的水分条件往往不利于氧化亚氮的排放。稻田温室气体的排放与水分管理的历史有明显的关系,不同的肥料施用对甲烷和氧化亚氮排放影响的机制不同。因此,要真正有效地控制温室气体的排放必须首先弄清甲烷和氧化亚氮在不同条件下的排放关系。     

稻鸭鱼共栖生态系统CH4排放规律研究

首次对稻-鸭-鱼共栖生态系统中的甲烷排放通量进行了系统研究。结果表明:甲烷排放通量日变化呈现一定的规律,排放高峰出现在下午14:00~16:00,晚上0:00~4:00达到最低值。稻-鸭-鱼共栖生态系统生态种养期间甲烷排放通量表现出一定的规律,甲烷排放出现2个峰值分别出现在水稻生长返青期、幼穗分化期,第1个峰值为15.813mg/(m2·h),第2个峰值为9.485mg/(m2·h)。其次在水稻分蘖盛期,甲烷的排放通量最高可达8.227mg/(m2·h)。稻-鸭-鱼共栖生态系统中,土壤氧化还原电位增加10.98mV,还原物质总量、活性还原物质总量分别降低1.46cmol/kg、1.25cmol/kg。稻田甲烷排放与土壤氧化还原电位呈极显著负相关,与还原物质总量、活性还原物质总量呈极显著正相关。     

OH自由基引发的甲烷光化学氧化体系中有机过氧化物的研究

在１．０１３２５×１０＾５Ｐａ,２９８Ｋ,Ｏ２－Ｎ２气氛下,采用长光路付立叶红外光谱仪跟踪反应进程,高压液相色谱仪测定反应产物中有机过氧化物,研究了ＯＨ自由基基引发的甲烷光化学反应体系,证实反应产物中有Ｈ２Ｏ２、甲基过氧化氢（ＣＨ３Ｏ２Ｈ,ＭＨＰ）和过氧甲醚（ＣＨ３Ｏ２ＣＨ３）,并发现羟甲基过氧化氢（ＨＯＣＨ２ＯＯＨ,ＨＭＨＰ）和一未知有机过氧化物,ＨＭＨＰ的发现表明ＣＨ４氧化过程中可能存在过氧甲     

A strategic approach to selecting policy mechanisms for addressing coal mine methane emissions: A case study on Kazakhstan

Coal production globally is projected to grow in the foreseeable future. Countries with heavy reliance on coal could reduce methane and other emissions through the capture and utilization of coal mine methane (CMM) in the short and medium term, while they pursue structural and long-term economic changes. Several countries have successfully implemented policies to promote CMM capture and utilization; however, some countries still struggle to implement projects. This paper outlines key factors to consider in adapting policies for CMM mitigation. The authors propose an approach for selecting adequate mechanisms for stimulating CMM mitigation that involves reviewing global best practices and categorizing them functionally either as mechanisms needed to improve the underlying conditions or as CMM-specific policies. It is important to understand local policy frameworks and to consider whether it is more feasible to improve underlying policy conditions or to provide targeted incentives as an interim measure.Using Kazakhstan as a case study, the authors demonstrate how policymakers could assess the overall policy framework to find the most promising options to facilitate CMM projects. Kazakhstan’s emissions from underground coal mines have been increasing both in total and per tonne of coal production, while overall production has been declining. CMM mitigation presents an opportunity for the country to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions in the near and medium term, while the government pursues sustainable development goals. Analysis shows that policymakers in Kazakhstan can leverage existing policies to stimulate utilization by extending feed-in tariffs to cover CMM and by developing working methodologies for companies to obtain emission reduction credits from CMM projects.     

煤矿通风瓦斯氧化处理实验装置设计

我国每年通过煤矿乏风排入大气的甲烷为130～170亿m^3。由于煤矿乏风具有甲烷浓度低（〈0.1%）、富集难、气量大等特点,传统的处理方式是直接排空,造成了严重的污染和温室效应。针对此现状,设计了最大处理量为1 000 m^3/h的煤矿通风瓦斯热氧化实验装置,该实验装置包括配气系统、装置本体、换向系统、启动系统和测控系...     

酒精废水EIC处理技术及综合利用

介绍了旋流内循环（EIC）厌氧反应器处理高浓度酒精废水的方法及效果，用EIC反应器代替UASB处理工艺，具有污染物去除率高、沼气产生量大等优点，产生的沼气用于发电供热，取得了良好的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。     

若尔盖高原沼泽土壤氧化甲烷的研究

若尔盖高原泥炭沼泽土氧化大气 CH₄ 的速率为 0.97～1.69ng/(g·h),氧化速率随着土壤深度的增加而减小;而泥炭土 CH₄ 排放速率为0.37～0.61ng/(g·h).2种土壤均具有氧化8000μL/L高浓度CH4的能力,泥炭沼泽土的潜力比泥炭土的大.不同土壤层次氧化甲烷的潜力也有差异,表层土比下层土高.降水减少导致的沼泽水位下降将加强若尔盖高原沼泽土壤氧化 CH₄ 从而减少沼泽 CH₄ 排放.     

Methane Fluxes from a Wetland using the Flux-Gradient Technique The Measurement of Methane Flux from a Natural Wetland Pond and Adjacent Vegetated Wetlands using a TDL-Based Flux-Gradient Technique

Methane emissions were measured from a bog andlake in the Experimental Lakes Area in Northern Ontario in 1992and 1993, prior to and following flooding. Bog fluxes were smallin 1992 (0.27 mg m^-2 d^-1) but increased 5-fold in 1993 afterflooding. Over the bog, there was a diel cycle of nighttimeemission and daytime uptake in 1992 in contrast to constantemission in 1993. Lake emissions decreased after flooding butwere much greater than bog emissions in both years (average = 7.3 mg m^-2 d^-1). Seasonally, the bog flux was correlated withground temperatures after flooding. In 1992, lake fluxes werecorrelated with air temperature on a daily basis. In contrast,seasonal lake fluxes were correlated with water and sedimenttemperatures in 1992, but only with sediment temperatures in1993. These results are explained with respect to the effects offlooding on lake and bog dynamics.     

玉米秸秆干式厌氧发酵乙酸产生规律及其对发酵的影响

为解决玉米秸秆干式厌氧发酵系统因乙酸积累而致发酵失败、工程运行不稳定等问题,利用气相色谱仪对玉米秸秆干式厌氧发酵过程中w(乙酸)和w(CH₄)进行检测,结合相关性分析和回归分析等方法,研究了乙酸动态产生趋势、w(TS)(TS为总固体)与w(乙酸)的相关性,以及w(乙酸)对CH₄产生的作用机制. 结果表明:发酵过程中w(乙酸)先增后降,w(TS)由20%增至30%,w(乙酸)增加的持续时间由5 d延至15 d. Pearson相关性分析结果表明,w(TS)与w(乙酸) 呈极显著负相关(R<-0.979,P<0.01). 一元线性回归分析得到拟合方程y=-1 214.8w(TS)+668.2,由斜率(-1 214.8)可知,w(TS)对产乙酸过程具有较明显的抑制作用. 玉米秸秆干式厌氧发酵系统内w(乙酸)为160~451 mg/g,随着w(乙酸)的增加,底物CH₄产率经历上升、稳定、下降后再稳定和下降4个阶段,其中w(乙酸)为212~312 mg/g时,底物CH₄产率(大于120 m3/t,以秸秆干质量计)最大,其次为w(乙酸)在>312~410 mg/g时的80~120 m3/t.      

中国滨海湿地CH4通量研究进展

滨海湿地严格的厌氧环境造成与其面积不成比例的碳储量,同时有利于CH₄的产生。探讨滨海湿地温室气体通量,尤其是CH₄通量,对确定滨海湿地究竟是温室气体的“源”还是“汇”,评估滨海湿地对全球变化的影响具有重要的作用。论文通过对中国滨海湿地CH₄通量的排放机制、时空变化以及影响因素进行阐述总结得出：闽江河口CH₄通量明显大于长江口和黄河口,主要原因在于温度和生物量的差异;江苏滨海湿地CH₄通量的研究相对薄弱,南方红树林湿地CH₄通量的空间差异较大。潮汐对滨海湿地CH₄通量的影响呈“M”型：涨潮开始时,CH₄通量逐渐增加,随着水位的加深,逐渐减少;当落潮到最适宜产生CH₄的水位深度时,大量原先产生的CH₄开始排放出来,待水位继续下降,产生的CH₄极容易被氧化,开始减少。目前缺乏研究滨海湿地CH₄通量的标准方法,而且针对潮汐变化,微生物以及酶活性对CH₄排放的影响研究比较薄弱,在此基础上,提出了利用箱法进行CH₄通量的研究需因地制宜,依据研究目的以及植被、土壤、水文的差异选择不同的样点布设原则和采样方法。