风帽在准好氧填埋的应用及对填埋初期的影响

首次将风帽应用于准好氧填埋,以2 m×1 m×2 m的准好氧模拟箱为对象,考察了风帽对准好氧填埋环境形成过程的影响,比较了不同风速条件下二氧化碳和甲烷的浓度变化,并对风帽应用于准好氧填埋的作用原理进行了分析,以期为设计和优化准好氧填埋结构提供参考.结果表明,风帽可以加快准好氧环境的形成,将传统的准好氧环境的形成期由常规的50 d以上提前到40 d左右.通过比较风帽先拆后装二氧化碳和甲烷的浓度变化,表明风帽可以促进甲烷向二氧化碳的转化,减少甲烷的排放.卸下风帽后二氧化碳的浓度由最初的16.67%降为15.88%,甲烷从6.14%增大到16.12%;装上后二氧化碳的浓度增至19.18%,甲烷降为10.05%.考察了风速为2.0、3.5、5.0、6.5、8.0 m/s 5种条件下导气管出口处的甲烷排放情况,表明风速可以加强风帽的作用,有利于甲烷的减排,当风速增至8 m/s时,甲烷浓度由最初的15%以上降为5%以下.     

异波折板厌氧废水处理技术研究

设计异波折板复合厌氧反应器,进行为期12个月的生活污水处理试验研究。试验结果表明,在温度处于(25±2)℃条件下,反应器的最佳水力停留时间(HRT)为6h。此时所对应的COD、TN、TP去除率分别为76.95%、36.56%、39.28%;最适厌氧污泥区容积百分比为45%～65%;最适进水COD浓度为150～800mg/L。控制HRT为6h,查明温度降至(7±1)℃时所对应的COD、TN、TP分别为63.53%、20.28%、22.35%;最大比甲烷生产率降至1.95mL(/gVSS·h)。此研究结果表明在北方地区低温度条件下应用该技术处理低浓度生活污水可行。基于试验结果,阐明了此厌氧生物处理技术处理低浓度生活污水的高效机理在于异波折板复合厌氧反应器具有高效传质和双层分阶段多生物相的特点。     

Effects of support acidity on the reaction mechanisms of selective catalytic reduction of NO by CH4 in excess oxygen

The reaction mechanisms of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) by methane (CH₄) over solid superacid-based catalysts were proposed and testified by DRIFTS studies on transient reaction as well as by kinetic models. Catalysts derived from different supports would lead to different reaction pathways, and the acidity of solid superacid played an important role in determining the reaction mechanisms and the catalytic activities. Higher ratios of Br?nsted acid sites to Lewis acid sites would lead to stronger oxidation of methane and then could facilitate the step of methane activation. Strong Br?nsted acid sites would not necessarily lead to better catalytic performance, however, since the active surface NO_y species and the corresponding reaction routes were determined by the overall acidity strength of the support. The reaction routes where NO₂ moiety was engaged as an important intermediate involved moderate oxidation of methane, the rate of which could determine the overall activity. The reaction involving NO moiety was likely to be determined by the step of reduction of NO. Therefore, to enhance the SCR activity of solid superacid catalysts, reactions between appropriate couples of active NO_y species and activated hydrocarbon intermediates should be realized by modification of the support acidity.     

地面抽采煤层气环境影响和管理对策探讨

随着我国一系列鼓励煤层气开发政策、规划的实施,区域煤层气规模化和商业化开发将逐步展开.煤层气开发环境问题与常规天然气相比有其特殊性,主要表现为井网密度大、疏水降压排采和加压集输引发的特殊环境问题.井网密度大则对地表生态环境的影响大;煤层排水是煤层气开发区别于常规油气资源开发最主要的环境问题;加压集输和井网密度大增加动力设备,影响声环境质量和生态环境质量等.针对煤层气开发环境问题的特殊性,提出煤层气开发应以水平井为主减少地表扰动.不同水文地质条件煤层排水水质不同,我国为缺水国家,煤层排水如果为淡水,应考虑综合利用;如果为高矿化度水应考虑适当处理回注地下.     

碱(水)热处理改善分选有机废物的厌氧消化性能

取用凋落杨树叶和自配厨余废物,分别进行水热(碱)预处理后测定生物化学甲烷势(BMP),研究碱热处理对废物厌氧消化性能的影响.水热处理后产物pH降低,有机物加速溶解并进一步水解生成小分子物质.对于不同废物,实验得到的最佳水热条件不同.杨树落叶在水热温度150℃、碱性环境处理后观察到厌氧甲烷势,水解液SCOD浓度13 203 mg/L.水热温度超过130℃时厨余废物完全溶解或悬浮,SCOD浓度12412 mg/L.加碱催化对产沼性能影响不大.此时两者最大比累计甲烷产量分别为112 mL/g和276 mL/g.总碳转化率分别为24.81%和53.34%.     

造纸污泥与味精废液联合厌氧消化产甲烷性能研究

采用造纸污泥与味精废液间歇式联合厌氧消化产沼气,通过设计总固体(TS)含量、碳氮比(C/N)和接种量等不同的工艺参数,研究了不同工艺条件下各反应器的产甲烷性能.试验结果表明:在中温(37±2)℃条件下,TS含量对系统累积产气量的影响较大,各反应器的累积产气量随TS含量的增加而增加;各反应器的单位质量挥发性固体(VS)累积产气率和TS、VS的去除率随TS含量增加而降低;在TS含量为10%的3组反应器中,造纸污泥:味精废液(w/w)=10∶1的反应器产气效果优于造纸污泥∶味精废液(w/w)=25∶1和70∶1两组处理,这与前者在消化过程中pH值下降最多、酸化能力最强有关;联合厌氧消化累积甲烷产量最大值为5482mL(TS含量为10%,造纸污泥∶味精废液(w/w)=10∶1),单位质量VS甲烷产率最大值为362mL.g-1(TS含量为3%,造纸污泥∶味精废液(w/w)=11∶1),可见这两种工业废物联合厌氧消化具有巨大的产甲烷潜力.     

配备低压进样系统的GC-FID法测大气中的CO和CH_4

将自主研发的低压进样系统与GC-FID法相结合,解决了低压样气难以抽取进样的技术难题,实现了对SUMMA采样罐内低压样气中CO、CH4的分析.罐内样气压强大于30kPa情况下,该进样装置能将待测低压气体提升至常压状态并完成进样过程.本系统采用3个六通阀、5分子筛与TDX-01双柱实现O2、CO、CH4的有效分离.通过对5分子筛柱的反吹去除杂质组份,既保持基线平稳,又可缩短分析周期,提高效率.该分析系统CO、CH4的最低检出限分别为9.2×10-9、5.5×10-9.本分析系统与美国加州大学Irvine分校Donald R.Blake实验室针对CO、CH4比对的相对误差分别低3%和1%.     

Methane emissions during storage of di erent treatments from cattle manure in Tianjin

Many studies on methane emissions from animal manure have revealed that animal manure is a major source of methane emissions to the atmosphere that can have negative consequences for people, animals and environment. In general, the release of methane can be influenced by the type of feed taken by animals, temperature, manure characteristics and so on. This study aimed at quantifying and comparing methane release from dairy manure with di erent piling treatments. Four treatments were designed including manure piling height 30, 45, 60 cm and adding 6 cm manure every day until the piling height was 60 cm. Static chamber method and gas chromatography were adopted to measure the methane emissions from April to June in 2009. Methane emission rates of all four manure treatments were low in the first week and then increased sharply until reaching the peak values. Subsequently, all the methane emission rates decreased and fluctuated within the steady range till the end of the experiment. Wilcoxon nonparametric tests analysis indicated that methane emission rate was greatly influenced by manure piling height and manner. There were no significant relationships between methane emission rates and the temperatures of ambience and heap. However, regression analysis showed that the quadratic equations were found between emission rates of all treatments and the gas temperature in the barrels.     

浙江慈溪不同利用年限水稻土主要微生物过程强度的比较

测定了浙江慈溪5个不同利用年限水稻土(50～2000 a)的微生物功能多样性、呼吸作用强度、硝化作用强度及产甲烷势,比较分析了水稻土主要微生物过程强度与利用年限的相关性.结果发现,2000 a水稻土的单一碳源底物利用能力最高,而1000 a水稻土的短期利用能力也明显高于50～700 a的水稻土;随着利用年限的延长,水稻土微生物群落的Shannon指数、Simpson指数和McIntosh指数均趋于升高,利用年限相距500 a以上的水稻土的碳源利用特性在主成分PCA1或PCA2上有较好的分离;随着利用年限的延长,水稻土的呼吸强度显著降低,硝化强度和产甲烷势也趋于下降结果表明,水稻土在持续利用之后,微生物群落功能多样性得到一定加强,而一些调控温室气体排放的微生物过程强度明显减弱.     

煤层对CO_2处置能力评价的修正方法与应用

煤等温吸附气体实验中的煤体变形效应会造成CO2在煤层中吸附量评价结果的偏差,通过对气体吸附模拟方法进行修正,应用修正的Langmuir和Dubinin-Astakhov模型对CO2、CH4吸附实验结果进行重新拟合,获得准确的吸附量计算方法。结果表明,吸附实验中煤主要表现为膨胀变形,且煤吸附CO2的膨胀量高于吸附CH4的膨胀量,煤膨胀造成CO2实测过剩吸附量较真实过剩吸附量偏低4.4%~43.8%,修正后CO2吸附拟合效果大大提高,Langmuir和D-A模型拟合曲线与实测数据吻合的相关系数分别从0.978、0.995提高到修正后的0.997、0.999,D-A模型对CO2吸附数据的拟合效果优于Lang-muir模型,CH4吸附模拟效果的改善程度不及CO2。