油脂对红壤结构性质与水流运动特征的影响

本文通过室内灌水入渗试验,研究了灌溉水油脂浓度（0,1.0,3.0和10.0g/L）、灌水频率（1d1次,2d1次,4d1次）和灌溉模式（纯清水灌溉,纯含油脂灌溉水灌溉,含油脂灌溉水-清水交替灌溉）对受灌土壤结构性质与水流运动特征的影响.结果显示,随灌水进入到受灌土壤中的油脂主要集中在优先流通道中快速运动,优先流湿润锋处的土壤油脂浓度较高且不受灌溉水中油脂浓度的影响,表明即便是采用较低油脂浓度的灌溉水灌溉,依然对地下水系统存在较高的污染风险;高频率、低定额的含油脂灌溉水灌溉有利于进入到受灌土壤中的油脂向深层土壤运动,使得斥水性土层厚度增大,从而导致入渗水流运动的不确定性及地下水系统的污染风险均增大;油脂对受灌土壤团聚体的再团聚作用只有在其浓度较高时才能形成,含油脂灌溉水-清水交替灌溉因降低了受灌土壤的油脂浓度反而导致土壤团聚体分散和破碎.研究成果对再生水和原污水农田灌溉制度设计具有参考价值.     

大型空间环境模拟器真空系统配置技术研究

分别对国内外大型空间环境模拟器的真空系统配置进行了介绍,并对真空系统各个子系统的配置与技术特点进行了分析,重点针对大型空间环境模拟器真空系统中所需的真空抽气策略进行了研究,为后续超大型环境试验设备的研制和试验测试提供了参考。     

油气集输管道内防腐技术应用进展

针对油气田集输管道的内腐蚀问题,分别介绍了耐蚀材料、衬里技术、涂镀层技术与药剂防腐技术等管道内防腐技术及其现场应用效果,指出了耐蚀金属材料防腐效果显著,但存在经济效益差的缺点。为降低成本,选用双金属复合管替代耐蚀金属材料,但其焊缝位置腐蚀失效频发,成为制约其应用的薄弱环节。耐蚀非金属材料防腐效果显著,但耐高温性能与力学性能较差,受温度、压力与CO_2、H_2S、固体颗粒等介质成分的影响,衬里技术与涂镀层技术的应用范围受到限制。药剂防腐技术的防护效果与药剂类型、加药工艺密切相关,需要根据腐蚀工况监测结果进行实时调整。针对上述内防腐技术存在的问题,提出了未来内防腐技术的发展方向为改进现有内防腐技术存在的不足,提升其防护效果。同时,应开发防腐效果显著、经济成本低、施工简便、易于推广应用的防腐材料与防腐工艺技术。     

土壤石油类(红外法)标样制作方法的研究

对我国环境监测用于土壤矿物油污染监测所必备的标准样品制作方法作了探索,尤其对该类标样的液-固态吸附饱和及其浓度平衡关系作了探讨,从理论上保证标样的均匀性和稳定性,为标样最后的定值分析提供依据.     

低浓度石油类监测与评价的问题探讨

分析表明,当地表水中石油类浓度很低时,受多方面因素影响,其监测结果的准确性和评价结论的可靠性会下降,应选用合适的监测方法,同时要注意引入污染问题。     

消泡剂硅油I在工业废水氨氮测定中的应用

对色泽较深，含杂质量较高的废水加硅油I以抑制测定中蒸馏产生的泡沫．结果表明，在250ml水样中加硅油IO．10～1．25ml，即可收到理想效果．硅油I性质稳定，不随水蒸汽蒸出，对测定无干扰．     

气相色谱-质谱法测定废酸油渣中的16种多环芳烃

建立了废酸油渣中16种多环芳烃超声萃取、Florisil萃取柱净化、气相色谱-质谱测定的方法。笔者对提取方式、提取剂类型和体积、提取时间和次数、净化方式等进行研究,采用无水硫酸钠分散,二氯甲烷作为提取剂超声40 min,提取液经纯水清洗、离心后取适量有机相经过3 g Florisil萃取柱净化,采用气相色谱-质谱选择离子模式(SIM),加入内标进行定量分析。结果表明:二氯甲烷提取效率比正己烷好,丙酮可能引起酸性样品中多环芳烃的降解,丙酮超声萃取时加入无水硫酸钠能在一定程度上防止目标物降解,但萃取效率不可控制,宜采用二氯甲烷作为萃取剂。分散提取能有效减少提取时间,超声清洗仪超声40 min提取效率为86.2%～104%。3g Florisil萃取柱净化比1 g Florisil萃取柱净化和GPC净化效果略好。方法检出限为0.4～1.3 mg/kg,6次空白加标的相对标准偏差为2.3%～15.3%,6个实际样品测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.2%～27.3%,基体加标回收率为51.3%～126%,连续校准稳定。该方法适用于废酸油渣样品中16种多环芳烃的检测,比直接溶解有效,比加速溶剂萃取、索氏提取、微波萃取和超声探头萃取简单、快捷,能有效减少设备污染和腐蚀,净化方法有效,测定结果准确可靠,是实现大批量样品检测的可行方法。     

Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of Kaohsiung Harbour and adjacent coast, Taiwan

Surficial sediment samples collected from Kaohsiung Harbour and its nearby coast were analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons and parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). According to our results, the average total concentrations of n-alkanes (n-C₁₂ to C₃₅) and aromatics (15 PAHs) were 4.33 µg g^–1 dry weight (ranged 0.46–22.60) and 0.59 µg g^–1 dry weight (ranged 0.09–1.75), respectively. The highest concentrations of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were recorded in stations near the estuaries of Qianzhen River and Love River, respectively. Aliphatic hydrocarbons in the samples indicate that there has been significant non-petrogenic, possibly terrestrial, contribution in the sediment of the open coast of Kaohsiung Harbour and that there has been dominant contribution from petrogenic sources in the sediment of the inner harbour. PAHs, detected in the samples, however, indicated a higher pyrolytic contribution in open-coast samples and a higher petrogenic contribution in the inner harbour. Overall, sediment concentrations of total alkanes in this study were comparable to those found in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong and are higher than those found in Xiamen Harbour, China. Concentrations of total PAHs in inner Kaohsiung Harbour sediments were relatively lower than those found in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong and Xiamen Harbour, China, but comparable to those found in Hsin-ta Harbour, Taiwan and Incheon Harbour, Korea. In comparison with several effect-based sediment quality guidelines, most PAH concentrations found in samples taken from inner harbour stations exceeded the Threshold Effect Level of Florida indicating a slight possibility of adverse effects.     

扬子型铜矿床矿物稀土元素地球化学

本文较系统研究了扬子型铜矿床中有代表性的菱铁矿、胶黄铁矿、黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿、磁铁矿、黄铜矿及部分脉石矿物的稀土元素组成及特征，总结了展状矿石中和矽卡岩矿石中矿物稀土元素组成的特点及二者之间存在的明显差别，从一个方面探索扬子型铜矿床的成因。     

Distribution of actinomycetes in oil contaminated ultisols of the Niger Delta (Nigeria)

The distribution of actinomycetes in oil contaminated sandy loam ultisols of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria was studied to aid in understanding the effect of hydrocarbons on indigenous microbial population in tropical soils. The average total counts of actinomycetes in all the oil samples analysed was 103 cfu/g. Higher counts of actinomycetes were observed during the dry season than during the wet season. The counts of hydrocarbonoclastic actinomycetes correlated positively with the total count of actinomycetes.The actinomycetes were generally restricted to the top soil(0-10 cm soil depth) although a seemingly deeper(down to 40 cm soil depth) distribution was noticed in the dry season. The isolates included oil degrading species of Actinoplanes, Norcadia,Streptomyces and Streptosporangium. Their high oil utilization ability indicates their positive potential and role in the bioremediation of oil-spilled soils.