Quantifying dry NH3 deposition to an ombrotrophic bog from an automated NH3 field release system

Providing an accurate estimate of the dry component of N deposition to low N background, semi-natural habitats, such as bogs and upland moors dominated by Calluna vulgaris is difficult, but essential to relate nitrogen deposition to effects in these communities. To quantify the effects of NH₃ inputs to moorland vegetation growing on a bog at a field scale, a field release NH₃ fumigation system was established at Whim Moss (Scottish Borders) in 2002. Gaseous NH₃ from a line source was released along of a 60 m transect, when meteorological conditions (wind speed >2.5 m s^–1 and wind direction in the sector 180–215°) were met, thereby providing a profile of decreasing NH₃ concentration with distance from the source. In a complementary study, using a NH₃ flux chamber system, the relationships between NH₃ concentrations and cuticular resistances were quantified for a range of NH₃ concentrations and micrometeorological conditions for moorland vegetation. Cuticular resistances increased with NH₃ concentration from 11 s m^–1 at 3.0 g m^–3 to 30 s m^–1 at 30 g m^–3. The NH₃ concentration data and the concentration-dependent canopy resistance are used to calculate NH₃ deposition taking into account leaf surface wetness. The implications of using an NH₃ concentration-dependent cuticular resistance and the importance for refining critical loads are discussed.     

长江下游氮、磷含量变化及其输送量的估计

根据在１９９７和１９９８年内对长江干流大通站河水的３次采样分析,结合该站１９６２～１９９０年的水质资料,对长江下游Ｎ、Ｐ含量变化及其输送量进行研究．总氮、总磷的平均含量分别为１．６～２．２ｍ ｇ·Ｌ^-1和０．１１～０．１５ｍ ｇ·Ｌ^-1,Ｎ 以ＮＯ^-_３ －Ｎ 为主,约占７６％ ,其余主要为溶解有机氮和颗粒氮;Ｐ以颗粒态为主,占９５％ 以上．从５、６月到８月,ＮＯ^-_３－Ｎ含量是逐渐降低的,ＤＯＮ含量有较大幅度的上升,ＰＮ、ＰＰ及ＴＰ含量也有所增高．与历史资料相比,长江大通站溶解无机氮（ＤＩＮ）和ＰＯ^3-₄－Ｐ含量还在不断上升,Ｎ、Ｐ含量的上升与流域化肥施用量变化趋势一致．１９９８年夏季洪水期间,约有７９．９５万ｔＮ和８．３６万ｔＰ从大通站向下游输送,其中ＤＩＮ与生物有效磷（ＢＡＰ）比值远高于浮游植物生长的Ｐ限制值.     

分置式膜-生物反应器处理生活污水及其体积负荷的确定

分置式膜－生物反应器处理生活污水的运行结果表明,在不同的污泥龄和水力停留时间下,处理效果稳定,污泥上清液中ＣＯＤ浓度平均为１９．５ｍ ｇ／Ｌ,膜出水ＣＯＤ浓度平均为５．３ｍ ｇ／Ｌ． 对分置式－生物反应器的体积负荷进行推导表明,浓缩区的存在是该工艺处理能力较大的原因． 体积负荷由膜出水有机物浓度与污泥混合液有机物浓度之比α,浓缩区与反应器体积之比β和膜出水量与污泥混合液循环流量之比λ决定,即可以通过增加浓缩区体积和调整循环流量来控制分置式－生物反应器的处理能力．     

降雨氢离子浓度的参数化研究

对酸雨模式中降雨的物理过程进行了简化假设,在此基础上研究了大气中影响降雨氢离子浓度的几种主要污染物(SO₂,VOC_s,NH₃,NO_x)及温度、天顶角、雨强等因素同降雨氢离子浓度的参数关系。      

大气扩散参数的取样时间订正

就大气环境影响评价浓度预测中 ,对大气扩散参数取样时间订正问题进行了说明和讨论。     

半经验生物滴滤器模型研究

生物滴滤(BTF)净化有机废气是一个复杂的过程,其数学模型往往形式繁琐、参数众多,实际应用比较困难.半经验生物滴滤模型是基于生物酶促反应基本原理(米-门方程),并在含苯废气的生物滴滤净化动态实验和生物膜静态实验等研究的基础上建立和完善的一个应用模型.为了符合生物滴滤器内的实际状况,在建模过程中引入了微生物质量浓度沿床层深度变化的函数等合理假设.模型的检验采用将静态实验所得参数代入模型计算,并与生物滴滤动态实验结果进行对比的方法.检验结果表明:在较宽的负荷、表观过滤气速范围内,该模型对滴滤器的模拟值均较符合实验值.该模型的数学形式简单,参数也较少,且主要参数,如生物膜最大净化速率,K值及微生物质量浓度分布等均可通过生物膜静态实验测得.      

大气中多环芳烃气固相分配与颗粒物粒径的关系

采集了2005年5月16日～6月3日上海市桃浦地区气相样品、TSP样品及不同粒径的颗粒物样品.用GC-MS对各样品中美国EPA规定优先控制的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)做了定量分析.结果表明,大气中PAHs的气固相分配系数(KP)和各物质的过冷饱和蒸气压(pl⁰)呈良好的线性相关.多元线性回归分析表明,PAHs的气固相分配受颗粒物粒径大小的影响,粒径越大,对PAHs的气固相分配影响越大;过冷饱和蒸气压越高,气固相分配越易受到粒径大小的影响.     

溶解氧对分段进水生物脱氮工艺的影响

采用分段进水生物脱氮工艺处理生活污水.设置0.9,0.6,0.4,0.3m³/h4组曝气量,相应的好氧区溶解氧(DO)浓度约为2.8,1.7,0.8,0.5mg/L左右.结果表明,在好氧区DO为0.5mg/L左右的低氧条件下,通过对系统进行适当的控制,可以取得较好的硝化效果,氨氮去除率可达98%以上.同时,由于低曝气量下混合液从好氧区到缺氧区携带的DO量减少,并且在好氧区发生了同步硝化反硝化作用,使得TN去除效果明显优于高曝气量的情况.另外,由于工艺结构的特点,分段进水生物脱氮系统可长期在低氧条件下运行,且污泥沉降性能良好.     

Ecophysiological Responses of Larix sibiricaLedeb. and Pinus sibiricaDu Tour Undergrowth to Climate Change

The effects of probable climate change—an increase in atmospheric CO₂(by two times), air temperature, precipitation—on CO₂exchange and temperature dependence of net photosynthesis in the larch and Siberian stone pine undergrowth formed in the light larch forests of West Siberia were studied in chambers with an artificial climate. The change of the aforementioned ecological factors caused an increase in the temperature optima of photosynthesis and the range of optimum temperatures (in the case of Siberian stone pine, to a slightly greater degree). Therefore, the ranges of both species may broaden, and the Siberian stone pine can expand to the north, displacing larch tree stands.     

烟尘浓度分布对二次扬尘影响的探讨

电除尘器内电场断面烟尘浓度呈非均匀性分布,它是产生振打二次扬尘的重要原因之一,通过改善电场内部气流分布状况和使用出口向上的出气箱,可以减少振打二次扬尘,从而达到电除尘器高效除尘的目的。