中部地区区域经济发展的极化分析

以经济增长极理论为基础,建立相应指标评价体系,采用全局主成分分析方法,对中部地区区域经济发展的极化机制和空间极化差异进行分析。研究显示：中部地区经济发展的极化机制在于经济发展成果、经济投入和城市化发展,它们对区域经济极化贡献程度依次降低,进一步的评价指标变化度揭示,不同指标对关键因子变动的贡献也不一样,由此得出10项重点控制指标;通过对前两个全局主成分投影的组合分析,发现中部省份的经济投入与经济产出效果差,着力提高投入产出效率是该地区极化系统得以完善的根本。进一步的综合变动轨迹分析显示,中部地区经济极化程度不强,但经济极化强度随时间正逐步加强,因此,加大对极化程度较强的湖北、湖南和江西的扶持有助于该区极化系统的完善。     

Tracing the impact of stack configuration on interface resistances in reverse electrodialysis by in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

• RED performance and stack resistance were studied by EIS and LSV. • Interface resistance were discriminated from Ohmic resistance by EIS. • Impacts of spacer shadow effect and concentration polarization were analyzed. • Ionic short current reduced the power density for more cell pairs. • The results enabled to predict RED performance with different configurations. Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is an emerging membrane-based technology for the production of renewable energy from mixing waters with different salinities. Herein, the impact of the stack configuration on the Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistances as well as the performance of RED were systematically studied by using in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Three different parameters (membrane type, number of cell pairs and spacer design) were controlled. The Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistances were evaluated for RED stacks equipped with two types of commercial membranes (Type I and Type II) supplied by Fujifilm Manufacturing Europe B.V: Type I Fuji membranes displayed higher Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistances than Type II membranes, which was mainly attributed to the difference in fixed charge density. The output power of the stack was observed to decrease with the increasing number of cell pairs mainly due to the increase in ionic shortcut currents. With the reduction in spacer thickness from 750 to 200 µm, the permselectivity of membranes in the stack decreased from 0.86 to 0.79 whereas the energy efficiency losses increased from 31% to 49%. Overall, the output of the present study provides a basis for understanding the impact of stack design on internal losses during the scaling-up of RED.