企业主体责任导向下排污许可制的制度内涵、法律价值和构建路径

构建以排污许可制为核心的固定污染源监管制度体系,具有丰富的制度内涵,在当前强化排污单位污染防治主体责任的政策目标下,对有效形成企业持证排污、政府依证监管格局,提升固定污染源污染防治的法治化水平,具有重要的法律价值。当前应以《排污许可管理条例》的制定为契机,以排污许可证整合企业污染防治义务,厘清政府和企业的权力义务边界,明确排污单位污染排放控制的责任范围,具体化监管要求,增强企业污染物排放管理的预期,激励和推动企业强化对自身排放行为的管理,主动承担环境治理主体责任,提升污染源监管制度效能。     

What we know,what we don't know,and what we need to know about graduated driver licensing

On November 5-7, 2002, the Symposium on Graduated Driver Licensing in Chatham, MA, brought together 75 researchers and practitioners from the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand to document the current science of graduated driver licensing (GDL) and to outline research needs. Participants reviewed 12 background papers and discussed the papers in depth. The symposium's background papers are published in this issue of the Journal of Safety Research.This paper summarizes and provides a quick reference to information from the symposium papers and participant discussions. It cites the 12 symposium papers, which in turn provide more information and cite original sources. Issues and recommendations not followed by a citation were raised in the symposium discussions.This paper is divided into seven sections. The first six sections summarize information from the symposium papers and discussions. The sections are: (1) The need for graduated driver licensing; (2) Effectiveness of GDL as implemented; (3) The learner's permit phase; (4) The provisional license phase; (5) The roles of teens, parents, and public agencies; and (6) Enacting and implementing GDL. In each of these six sections, research needs are classified as either high priority (important for designing and implementing effective GDL programs) or lower priority (useful but not critical for GDL at this time).The final section summarizes the discussion of research issues and priorities from the symposium's closing session. This section has three topics: general research, issues involving parents, and issues involving graduated licensing legislation and implementation. It presents participants' collective views on both broad priorities and specific issues.In providing a concise summary of presentations and discussions from the symposium, this paper necessarily omits some information and points of discussion. The views and judgments expressed are the authors' best attempt to capture the symposium's consensus, but they do not necessarily represent the views of the authors, their organizations, or any other individual symposium participant. In particular, they are not necessarily endorsed by the symposium's sponsors: General Motors, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the National Safety Council, and Nationwide.     

提升“三线一单”中生态环境准入清单有效性的若干建议

生态环境准入清单是“三线一单”的成果出口，是未来落实空间环境管控和准入的直接依据，也是提升“三线一单”有效落地实施的重要抓手，要达到适用、实用、管用的要求。通过总结梳理当前已发布和编制中的生态环境准入清单情况，本文发现各省（区、市）在构建生态环境准入清单分层体系、制定“三线—单元—清单”逻辑链条和解决区域重点环境问题中形成了较好的经验，但同时生态环境准入清单在编制和应用中还存在各层次缺乏连通、管控单元和清单要求之间存在逻辑偏差、对主要环境问题研判不够和缺乏针对性整改措施等难点与问题。结合各省（区、市）编制组在清单编制中的有效做法和经验，本文建议在下一步清单细化和优化工作中，首先要加强与各职能部门、管理部门的对接；其次要坚持问题导向，结合区域实际情况，以精细化管理的目标制定针对性的清单措施与要求；最后开展成果的实践应用试点，总结经验，进一步提升清单有效性。     

从中德比较论我国环境许可制度的发展

首先从现代环境保护的内在逻辑入手,指出我国环境法治正处于从外生型向内生型转变,并认同以排污许可为核心的环境许可制度应成为我国环境治理的核心制度。接着对环境许可制度进行基本的理论分析和简单框架梳理,认为环境许可制度是以法治完善和科技发展为支撑的,在此基础上需要进一步的内容细化和体系构建,并强调在风险预防原则下,环境许可不应局限于排污许可制度。然后分析了欧盟与德国在环境许可一体化上的趋势与不同,进而提出我国环境许可制度的趋势。探讨了与环境许可制度紧密相关的环境技术标准制度,认为基于技术的环境标准面临内生性、系统化和动态完善的要求,环境许可制度需要面向环境质量达标体系转型。本文还分析了德国环境治理理念的转型变革与许可制度衔接的经验。最后,小结对我国环境许可制度的启示。     

Measuring the Welfare Cost of Climate Change Policies: A Comparative Assessment Based on the Computable General Equilibrium Model GEMINI-E3

Measuring the welfare cost of climate change policies is a real challenge, raising difficult issues of micro- and macro-economics: cost-benefit analysis on the one hand, foreign trade and international specialization on the second hand. At the domestic level the possible existence of distortions, in particular in the fiscal system, may either increase or alleviate the welfare cost of a climate change policy, as illustrated by the debate on double dividend. Effects on the prices in international markets and distorted competition between countries committed to abate (Annex B) and uncommitted countries affect both the sharing of the burden, in particular through the change in the terms of trade, and the allocation of activities with the frequently waved threat of delocalization. Based on a companion theoretical analysis, the present paper aims at putting order in the welfare analysis of climate change policy and to present and compare various estimations, issuing from macro- or computable general equilibrium models. Beside the global welfare cost, the paper focuses on the marginal abatement cost and its relation to the carbon price.Most present conceptual and applied analysis is based on the case of a single domestic household-consumer. Taking into account several consumers raises new challenges, concerning equity but even more fundamentally the mere definition of fiscal distortion, which have not yet been really addressed.     

Carbon emission permit allocation and trading

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ，ｍｏｒｅａｎｄｍｏｒｅｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅｓｓｈｏｗｔｈａｔｇｒｅｅｎｈｏｕｓｅｇａｓｅｓｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓｈａｖｅｂｅｇｕｎｔｏｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｇｌｏｂａｌｃｌｉｍａｔｅ．Ｇｒｅｅｎｈｏｕｓｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｒｉｇｏｒｏｕｓｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｅｓｎｏｗａｄａｙｓｗｅｆａｃｅ．Ｓｉｎｃｅｂｏｔｈｃａｕｓｅａｎｄｉｍｐａｃｔｏｆｃｌｉｍａｔｅｃｈａｎｇｅａｒｅｇｌｏｂａｌ，ｔｈｅｗｈｏｌｅｗｏｒｌｄｓｈｏｕｌｄｔａｋｅａｃｔｉ…     

上海市全面实行排污许可证交易的可行性探讨

排污许可证交易系统应建立在一个完善和有效的排污许可证管理体制基础上。文章认为上海市现有排污许可证体制的经济内涵、产权、初始分配方式、基价体系等方面必须进行改革和完善。与发达国家实行的排污许可证体制相比，上海市实行的排污许可证体制缺乏相应的经济内涵，只是排污许可“执照”体制，上海市的排污许可证交易实际上是排污许可“执照”交易。根据上海市现行排污许可证体制的经济内涵及实施现状来看，近期内全面推行真正意义上的排污许可证交易所必需的条件还未成熟。目前应当继续在黄浦江上游地区进行排污许可证交易，并在各方面进行探索，进一步积累经验。     

Competitive Distortions In An International Emissions Trading Market

The objective of this paper on international greenhouse gasemissions trading is to find the conditions, if any, under which internationaldifferences in domestic permit allocation procedures lead to competitivedistortions.The paper finds that grandfathered firms or sectors do not have a costadvantage over identical auctioned firms or sectors abroad, as long asmarkets are perfectly competitive, because they have to include theopportunity costs of using the permits in the product price. However,grandfathered permits are a capital gift to the firm, inducing a windfallprofit, which implies that a similar firm abroad which has to buy its permitshas a higher cash outflow and hence less financial resources. This aspect ofgrandfathering becomes relevant when considering imperfect competitionor equity.Firstly, it is concluded that competitive distortions may arise underimperfect competition, mainly because the grandfathered firms can outlastthe auctioned firms abroad in a price war. Secondly, it appears thatcompetition (or: the level playing field) is distorted in terms of equity,because the mere process of permit allocation gives the grandfathered firmsa stronger financial position and thus an unfair competitive advantage overtheir auctioned competitors abroad.In legal terms, these findings imply that grandfathering is WTO compatibleif one is only willing to consider efficiency and assume perfect competition.However, grandfathering constitutes an actionable subsidy under WTO lawif one also considers equity or if competition is imperfect, which couldnecessitate some level of international harmonization of domestic permitallocation rules.     

全面推行排污许可证制度,不断提高环境管理水平

污染物总量控制的推广为排污许可证制度的全面实施奠定了良好基础,推行排污许可证制度已是新形势下环境管理的需要.应当根据管理需要和能力确定发证范围及控制因子,与有关部门密切合作,加强证后管理,强化与其他相关环境管理制度的衔接,积极稳妥地推行排污许可证制度.     

基于排污权交易制度的流域水质管理体系研究

计划经济体制下行政和命令式的流域管理模式缺乏相应的利益调节和经济激励,因此难以适应市场经济体制下对水质资源管理的新需求。排污权交易制度作为一种新的治理流域污染的市场手段比政府行政管制手段具有更大的优势,它将市场机制充分地运用于环境资源的配置,在总量控制的前提下,通过排污权的交易,实现低成本治理污染,保护水质。从排污权立法、许可的最初分配和排污交易等方面建立排污权交易制度模式,为流域水质管理提供有益的思路。