Harmful and Needless Emission of Refrigerant and Countermeasures

Abstract

Refrigerants used in refrigerators are an important source of ozone depleting substances released into the atmosphere, and can have a significantly negative effect on the hole in the ozone layer. But most emission of refrigerants is man-made, unreasonable and needless. Since in most emission cases the refrigerants are contained in the refrigerators, we can retrieve them by some technique that changes the ‘manual emission’ into manual retrieving. To promote the retrieval action and diminish the pollution, society can use economic, administrative and technical countermeasures, which can create a ‘good-cycle’ both ‘harnessing pollution and earning income simultaneously’, reinforce the motive of retrieving, and retrieve most proportion of refrigerants used by all refrigerators. This ‘good-cycle’ method can be easily promoted, and also a valuable way to promote other forms of environmental protection. The three countermeasures have almost no social cost, even no cost at all.     

节能减排的现状分析及其路径选择

处理好发展经济与保护环境的关系,尤其是项目建设与节能减排的关系,这是实现可持续发展的关键。近年来,一些地区和城市,把节能减排作为促进科学发展的重要手段,推进经济可持续发展,取得了可喜的成绩。但是,也存在着不少障碍。在肯定对节能减排初见成效的基础上,对节能减排障碍进行了剖析,为了加大节能减排与环境保护力度,阐述了国家节能减排的行业政策,提出了节能减排的十项路径选择。     

Power,politics, and culture of marine conservation technology in fisheries

The term conservation technology is applied widely and loosely to any technology connected to conservation. This overly broad understanding can lead to confusion around the actual mechanisms of conservation in a technological system, which can result in neglect and underdevelopment of the human dimensions of conservation technology. Ultimately, this hinders its effectiveness as technological fixes for conservation problems. Through a process of concept mapping based on key case studies and literature, I devised precise definitions of marine conservation technology and technological marine conservation system. Concerns about the use of marine conservation technologies included unintended consequences, halfway technologies that address the symptoms but not the causes of problems, and misguided techno-optimism (i.e., technology is a panacea that can solve any problem). Technology and technological systems can have power, politics, and culture, and these characteristics can influence the contextual fit of a technology, requiring that technology be thoughtfully created or adapted to the circumstances in which it will be used. Power, politics, and culture inherent in technology can also influence the distribution of conservation risks and benefits and potentially widen gaps in wealth, privilege, opportunities, and justice. Addressing these concerns can potentially be achieved through the better integration of social sciences in marine conservation technology and technological marine conservation system design and development and the application of the social-ecological-technological systems framework. This framework melds key concepts from the socioecological systems framework and science and technology studies. It recognizes as and elevates technology to be a central actor that can shape societies and the natural world. Such a framework incorporates broader understanding, so that the values and concerns of society are more effectively addressed in the creation and implementation of marine conservation technologies and technological marine conservation systems.     

能源生态效率评价及其与经济增长脱钩分析——以黄河流域9省区为例

采用Super—SBM模型、GML模型测度1997—2019年黄河流域9省区的能源生态效率,通过构建脱钩模型,探讨经济增长与能源消耗及能源生态效率的脱钩关系。结果发现:①黄河流域9省区能源生态效率呈增长—下降—增长的趋势,累积增长了15.3%,其中,追赶效率贡献率为41.5%,而技术进步不足。②黄河流域9省区在经济增长与能源消耗呈强脱钩—弱脱钩—强脱钩发展态势,而经济增长与能源生态效率呈强脱钩—弱脱钩—强脱钩—弱脱钩发展态势。     

城市韧性与科技创新耦合协调发展研究——以成渝地区双城经济圈为例

以成渝地区双城经济圈为空间载体,运用熵值法、重心模型和修正耦合协调度模型等方法,分析了2005—2019年成渝地区双城经济圈城市韧性与科技创新的发展水平、重心变动特征及耦合协调发展水平。结果表明:①城市韧性和科技创新的发展水平均呈稳步提升态势,但整体发展水平较低。②城市韧性与科技创新的重心经历了复杂的迁移过程,且二者重心的空间叠置性显著上升,迁移方向基本趋于一致,空间耦合趋势明显。③城市韧性与科技创新的耦合协调水平稳步提升,但整体仍处于失调阶段,总体呈“成都、重庆双核高,周边低”的空间分布格局,且科技创新滞后现象日益突出。     

污水处理行业恶臭污染防治技术路线

污水处理和污泥处理处置项目的恶臭污染问题日趋严重,给出解决问题的技术路线显得十分迫切。恶臭污染防治在技术层面上包括三个方面:隔离稀释、主动防控和被动阻控,隔离稀释可作为技术手段完善前的阶段性措施,主动控制是所有臭气控制手段中最为经济有效的方式,被动阻控作为改造现有项目的臭气防治方式。应针对设计目的,在系统集中度、气量计算、技术选择等方面,合理选择封闭系统,优化收集系统,合理选择终端处理系统,实现技术方案的可靠性、高效性和经济性。     

静态好氧堆肥处理城市垃圾的工艺特性

利用生活垃圾的特点 ,设计出一种堆肥装置—好氧静态立式发酵仓。该装置具有控温、通风自控系统。用该装置对城市生活垃圾进行了堆肥试验。对堆肥过程的温度、pH值、含水率、耗氧量和有机质等参数进行监测 ,表明堆肥过程能顺利进行 ,堆肥产品的卫生指标符合国家标准 ;堆肥过程中含水率和有机质VS含量明显减少 ;通过对堆肥的通风加热 ,能够加快堆肥温度的提升 ,加快堆肥过程。     

含氰废水深井注入技术的可行性研究

利用大庆油田特殊的地质构造,将氰化物浓度０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ的含氰废水注入油田边水构造。通过储层砂体吸附和渗透率损害实验,证明储层对氰化物有吸附作用,不同平衡浓度下砂体的静态吸附量为４．８８μｇ／ｇ,动态吸附量为２．８３７μｇ／ｇ,氰化物不堵塞地层,根据注入井与注入井、注入井与采油井之间距离的不同,共布设８种注入方案。设计注入井的注入量为２１０ｍ^３／ｄ,采油井的产液量为１０５ｍ^３／ｄ,以采油井采出氰化物浓度０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ为限定值,基于动态吸附实验结果和边水对氰化物的稀释作用,应用聚合物驱油模型计算最佳的注入方案,该方案为注入井之间的间距１．０ｋｍ,注入井与采油井之间的间距为２．５ｋｍ,注入年限为５４年。研究结果表明,在大庆油田实施含氰废水的深井注入是可行的。既达到处理含氰废水的目的,又利用含氰废水驱替原油,具有实用价值和推广作用。     

餐饮业废油脂皂化工艺的探索

研究了废油脂的皂化方法和皂化机理。通过红外光谱分析废油脂皂化样品 ,对皂化度的影响因素进行了讨论。摸索出最佳皂化工艺条件 :皂化时间 4h ,皂化温度 10 0℃ ,碱液用量 (NaOH与废油脂的质量比 ) 1∶2 ,皂化用NaOH碱液浓度为 30 %。     

化纤厂丙烯腈生产装置的清洁生产

从加强内部管理、变更生产方式、技术改造及能源回收利用等方面介绍丙烯腈生产装置实现清洁生产的途径及实施清洁生产的效果。