Wood Density as a Conservation Tool: Quantification of Disturbance and Identification of Conservation‐Priority Areas in Tropical Forests

Abstract: Inventories of tree species are often conducted to guide conservation efforts in tropical forests. Such surveys are time consuming, demanding of expertise, and expensive to perform and interpret. Approaches to make survey efforts simpler or more effective would be valuable. In particular, it would be good to be able to easily identify areas of old‐growth forest. The average density of the wood of a tree species is closely linked to its successional status. We used tree inventory data from eastern Borneo to determine whether wood density can be used to quantify forest disturbance and conservation importance. The average density of wood in a plot was significantly and negatively related to disturbance levels, with plots with higher wood densities occurring almost exclusively in old‐growth forests. Average wood density was unimodally related to the diversity of tree species, indicating that the average wood density in a plot might be a better indicator of old‐growth forest than species diversity. In addition, Borneo endemics had significantly heavier wood than species that are common throughout the Malesian region, and they were more common in plots with higher average wood density. We concluded that wood density at the plot level could be a powerful tool for identifying areas of conservation priority in the tropical rain forests of Southeast Asia.     

Kinetic analysis for spontaneous combustion of sulfurized rust in oil tanks

In order to evaluate the spontaneous combustion hazards of sulfurized rust in oil tanks, one kind of rust was obtained from respiratory valve inner cavity of a crude oil tank in a petrochemical company. The rust was sulfurized in sulfuration experimental apparatus. The production was analyzed by X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and then thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The EDS result shows that the main substances are FeS and FeS₂ which are liable to spontaneous combustion. The sulfurized rust gives a short length of side and diamond appearance, and a large pore size in structure based on X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The whole oxidation process has three complex stages. The corresponding apparent activation energy values, most probable mechanism functions and pre-exponential factor values were calculated by Madhusudanan–Krishnan–Ninan method and the master plot method. The results indicate that the first and third stages of mass loss are up to the power function mechanism, but the second stage accords with the nucleation and nucleus growth mechanism. The values of apparent activation energy increase successively from the first stage to the third stage. The second stage has the maximum pre-exponential factor value, while the first has the minimum. With the obtained parameters above, the oxidation process of sulfurised rust could be simulated, which would benefit for monitoring and early warning of oil tanks.     

基于AHP和扩展集对理论的采空区遗煤自燃危险性评价研究

采空区遗煤自燃严重威胁着煤矿的安全生产,因此为了提前采取有针对性的防范措施,有必要进行遗煤自燃危险性评价。采用层次分析法确定各评价指标的权重,根据集对分析法的基本原理结合采空区遗煤自燃的具体情况,对集对理论进行了扩展,并重新构建了基于确定不确定信息的分析模型。将该模型应用于新集二矿210610工作面,评价结果表明该模型分析过程合理、置信度高,为采空区遗煤自燃危险性评价提供了一种新的方法,同时也为煤矿有针对性的采取安全防范措施提供了参考。     

基于两相流模型数值研究可燃颗粒燃烧爆轰的特性

粉尘爆炸是工业爆炸灾害的重要形式。建立可燃颗粒非均相系统的燃烧爆轰模型,基于Eulerian-Eulerian数值描述方法,采取有限差分方法编制非均相系统燃烧和爆轰发展的数值模拟程序,对封闭空间内两相非定常爆轰过程进行研究。数值分析可燃颗粒尺度、颗粒浓度对非均相系统燃烧、爆轰特性的影响。结果表明:在一定的范围内,当可燃颗粒的体积分数为10%,粒径0.5mm时,流场的燃烧爆轰效应最强。即10.6ms时刻,流场压力值达到28MPa,温度高达2600K,颗粒燃烧效率最高。     

煤化工行业氮氧化物排放系数研究

通过现场监测和模拟燃烧实验的方法,分别对陕西某煤化工企业中的甲醇、二甲醚、合成氨和尿素工艺过程中的氮氧化物进行监测,并初步核算各煤化工行业氮氧化物的排放系数.结果显示,不同煤化工行业中,煤炭在作为原料利用时氮氧化物排放量不尽相同,其中甲醇行业氮氧化物排放量为153.19~252.43g/h,平均为211.24g/h;二甲醚行业氮氧化物排放量为22.38~52.20g/h,平均为35.39g/h;合成氨行业为246.48~359.65g/h,平均305.94g/h;尿素行业为13.70~26.75g/h,平均19.89g/h.不同行业氮氧化物的排放系数也有所差别,按照单位产品排放量核算时,各行业氮氧化物的排放系数分别为甲醇41.35~88.10g/t-产品、二甲醚62.27~145.25g/t-产品、合成氨213.47~322.43g/t-产品、尿素0.21~0.41g/t-产品,以单位原料煤消耗量核算出的氮氧化物排放系数分别是甲醇30.18~52.86g/t-原料煤、二甲醚22.83~53.26g/t-原料煤、合成氨119.72~172.73g/t-原料煤、尿素为0.14~0.28g/t-原料煤.通过比较可知,煤在作为原料利用时其氮氧化物的排放系数远小于煤的燃烧过程.     

模拟火灾环境的复合胶体和水灭火对比实验研究

利用模拟建筑火灾灭火过程,采用新型胶体灭火材料和水进行对比灭火实验,考察新型灭火材料的灭火性能,找到复合胶体灭火的适应范围及其特点。     

Experimental research on inhibition performances of the sand-suspended colloid for coal spontaneous combustion

Serious mine fire disasters have occurred in Northwest China where there are abundant coal resources. For the shortage of water and loess, a large cost of conventional grouting slurry is needed. However, plenty of sand and fly ash resources have been found there. In order to improve the quality of sand injection and reduce the wastage of water during grouting, a kind of new compound material of sand-suspended colloid, which is composed of mineral inorganic gel and organic polymer, was developed in this paper. And the inhibition performance experiments of the sand-suspended colloid were carried out. The results show that the sand-suspended colloid efficaciously affected the oxidation characteristics above the critical temperature during the acceleration oxidation of the lignite and fat-gas coal samples and restrained the oxidation course by increasing the activation energy, so that it reduced the contents of CO and C₂H₄ and depressed the oxidation rate during the coal spontaneous combustion, and finally inhibited the coal spontaneous combustion.     

Experimental study on oxygen consumption rate of residual coal in goaf

In order to research the actual oxygen consumption rate of residual coal in goaf, the heating and oxidizing experiment was conducted respectively on five types of single particle size of coal samples and one hybrid particle size of coal samples by using self-developed CSC-B2 test system. This study measured inlet and outlet oxygen concentration of the oxidation tank, and calculated the oxygen consumption rate of each coal sample at different temperatures. For the residual coal in the same goaf, which is regarded as a hybrid particle size of coal consisting of a variety of single granularity of coal, its oxygen consumption rate is the mass weighted average of the rate of each particle size of coal. Accordingly, this paper established the equation of oxygen consumption rate of hybrid particle size of coal samples, taking into account temperature, granularity and oxygen concentration. Then comparison between the calculated value and the actually measured value of oxygen consumption rate of hybrid particle size of coal samples at different temperatures was conducted. And the results reveal that the calculated value basically coincide with the actually measured one. Moreover, the results prove that the established calculation formula for oxygen consumption rate can be used to accurately calculate the actual oxygen consumption rate of residual coal samples. The achievement of this research is of theoretical and practical significance for learning about the characteristics of coal spontaneous combustion and forecasting the self-ignition of residual coal in goaf.     

煤层自燃危险程度的灰色关联分析

将灰色关联分析法应用于煤矿自燃危险程度的评价中,全面考虑影响煤矿生产系统安全的各种因素,结合实例建立了煤矿自燃危险程度的数学模型,阐明了灰色关联分析法的原理和算法,较好地反映了评价过程和评价因素的灰色概念,为制定防范措施和管理决策提供科学依据。