Transformations of particles, metal elements and natural organic matter in different water treatment processes

Characterizing natural organic matter （NOM）, particles and elements in different water treatment processes can give a useful information to optimize water treatment operations. In this article, transformations of particles, metal elements and NOM in a pilot-scale water treatment plant were investigated by laser light granularity system, particle counter, glass-fiber membrane filtration, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, ultra filtration and resin absorbents fractionation. The results showed that particles, NOM and trihalomethane formation precursors were removed synergistically by sequential treatment of different processes. Preozonation markedly changed the polarity and molecular weight of NOM, and it could be conducive to the following coagulation process through destabilizing particles and colloids; mid-ozonation enhanced the subsequent granular activated carbon （GAC） filtration process by decreasing molecular weight of organic matters. Coagulation-flotation and GAC were more efficient in removing fixed suspended solids and larger particles; while sand-filtration was more efficient in removing volatile suspended solids and smaller particles. Flotation performed better than sedimentation in terms of particle and NOM removal. The type of coagulant could greatly affect the performance of coagulation-flotation. Pre-hydrolyzed composite coagulant （HPAC） was superior to FeCl3 concerning the removals of hydrophobic dissolved organic carbon and volatile suspended solids. The leakages of flocs from sand-filtration and microorganisms from GAC should be mitigated to ensure the reliability of the whole treatment system.     

颗粒污泥SBR处理生活污水同步除磷脱氮的研究

采用厌氧-好氧的SBR运行方式,以人工配水培养的好氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,处理碳、氮、SS浓度均较高的生活污水,研究了系统中颗粒污泥的稳定性及其去除有机物和同步除磷脱氮的效果.经过1个月的驯化培养,颗粒污泥即可呈现出良好的污染物去除性能并趋于稳定,反应器中颗粒污泥含量始终占污泥总量的68%以上.颗粒污泥系统污泥浓度为5 000～6000mg/L,SVI值为20～35 mL/g.经过3个月的运行后,反应器中颗粒污泥由原来以粒径0.6～0.9 mm的中等大小颗粒占主体变为粒径＞1.25 mm的大颗粒占主体.稳定运行阶段颗粒污泥系统对COD、TOC、磷酸盐、氨氮、总氮和SS的平均去除率分别为83.04%、70.41%、94.30%、86.51%、41.82%和85.89%.对反应器运行过程中典型周期的分析,反映出颗粒污泥良好的同步除磷脱氮效果.     

厌氧氨氧化微生物颗粒化及其脱氮性能的研究

利用厌氧颗粒污泥作为种泥,启动SBR反应器,旨在培养厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥以及研究其脱氮性能.结果表明,水力停留时间(HRT)是富集厌氧氨氧化微生物的1个重要控制因素,以HRT为30 d,第58 d时,SBR反应器就出现厌氧氨氧化现象,与此同时,颗粒污泥由灰黑色变为棕褐色,粒径减小.到第90 d时,成功培养出厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥,NH⁺₄-N和NO^-₂-N同时被去除,最大去除速率分别达到14.6 g/(m³·d)和6.67 g/(m³·d).从第110　d开始,逐步降低HRT,以提高基质负荷促进厌氧氨氧化菌生长.到目前t＝156　d,HRT降到5　d,氨氮和亚硝酸氮的去除率分别达到60.6%和62.5%,亚硝酸氮/氨氮的比率为1.12.污泥也由棕褐色变为红棕色,形成红棕色的具有高厌氧氨氧化活性颗粒污泥,总氮负荷达到34.3 g/(m³·d).     

好氧亚硝化颗粒污泥特性的研究

对在小试曝气上流式污泥床反应器中成功培养出的好氧亚硝化颗粒污泥的特性进行了研究.工艺稳定运行时,亚硝化颗粒污泥的VSS/SS稳定在80%左右,粒径大于1.0 mm的颗粒污泥约占总数的70%,粒径大于0.8 mm的颗粒污泥的湿密度约为1?022 kg/m³.荧光原位杂交结果表明,亚硝化细菌主要分布在颗粒污泥的表层,而硝化细菌则分布在表层之下;最大可能数结果显示,亚硝化工艺稳定运行时亚硝化细菌的数量远多于硝化细菌,甚至可高于硝化细菌4个数量级以上.上述结果表明,硝化细菌（AOB和NOB）以接种的产甲烷颗粒污泥或其碎片为载体,通过在其表层附着生长,最终形成好氧亚硝化颗粒污泥.     

WPSTM-TEOMTM-MOUDITM的对比及大气气溶胶密度研究

通过对2005年夏季上海、北京地区大气气溶胶观测中3种不同原理气溶胶分析及采样仪的对比,考察了颗粒物个数浓度粒径分布仪（WPS^TM）、锥形元件振荡微量天平（TEOM^TMTM）在运行中所得数据的可比性.其中TEOM^TM测量PM_2.5质量浓度与WPS^TM计算PM_2.5质量浓度数据的相关系数分别为0.77和0.79,并发现在粗粒子颗粒物比例较高的时段二者相关性分别提高为0.91和0.84.MOUDI^TM分级质量浓度与WPS^TM计算分级质量浓度数据对比显示,除最小粒径分级外其他分级均有较好相关性（R分布在0.76～0.92）.应用2组不同对比数据推测了上海和北京观测点PM_2.5颗粒物密度,研究发现上海采样点颗粒物密度约为1.70 g·cm^-3,而北京采样点颗粒物密度约为1.50 g·cm^-3.     

好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器污泥性状研究

采用厌氧-好氧运行方式的颗粒污泥膜生物反应器（GMBR）,连续运行近120　d表现出良好的有机物去除及同步硝化反硝化能力.对GMBR中污泥粒径分布变化研究表明,GMBR中污泥浓度的增加主要是由于粒径0.18～0.45　mm的小颗粒污泥及小于0.18　mm的絮状污泥的增加造成的,粒径大于0.45　mm的颗粒污泥能够基本稳定维持其颗粒形态,反应器运行末期,GMBR中颗粒污泥（粒径大于0.18　mm的污泥）含量稳定在污泥总量的60％～65％以上.污泥表面电荷量随着污泥组成形态的变化电负性逐渐增加,80　d后稳定在-0.42～-0.80　meq·g^-1之间.污泥表面电荷的负电性增加主要是由小于0.45　mm的污泥造成的,其中小于0.18　mm的絮状污泥对其影响最大.并且,污泥粒径越大污泥表面负电荷量越少,两者具有较好的线性关系.另外,GMBR中SVI稳定在60～90 mL/g之间,并且随着污泥表面电荷负电性的增加污泥SVI值增加,两者之间具有一定的相关性.     

进料负荷调控培养好氧颗粒污泥的试验研究

采用厌好氧交替的SBR反应器,以进料负荷（即进水浓度）作为主要控制参数,研究了好氧颗粒污泥的关键培养技术.结果表明,在30 min的较长污泥沉降时间下,通过进料COD 0～900 mg·L^-1的负荷调控,可以有效控制反应器内污泥生长.初始接种污泥的沉降性能对颗粒污泥产生很重要,SVI值保持在20～50 mg·L^-1才能有助于颗粒污泥形成和培养.应用“空曝”这种强力负荷调控方式可大大改善污泥沉降性能,并促进颗粒污泥的形成.通过进料减负荷运行可很好实现污泥的“完全颗粒化”培养.颗粒化转变出现在进料浓度COD 400～500 mg·L^-1,污泥浓度约8～10 g·L^-1.“完全颗粒化”污泥的性能优异,粒径约1.0 mm,SVI值25～35 mg·L^-1,最大沉降速率60 m·h^-1.污泥颗粒过程的发生可能决定于SBR的独特间歇式运行,即基质浓度的贫富交替,减负荷运行可强化基质贫富交替并增大颗粒化过程的驱动力.     

Spatial distribution of aerosol pollution based on MODIS data over Beijing, China

With the help of regression analysis,the relationships were detected between aerosol's contribution to apparent reflectance(ACR) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)on board Terra and hourly PM_(10)mass concentration measured at 30 ground-based locations in Beijing for the August of 2003 and 2004.It was shown that there was a good correlation between the ACR and PM_(10)(linear correlation coefficient,R=0.56).On the basis of this relationship,spatial distribution and possible sources of PM_(10)derived from MODIS were analyzed and two frequently heavily-polluted regions were found,namely downtown of the city and the district near Xishan Mountain.These two regions coincidently are also urban heat island centers.The foundings of this paper will be greatly useful for environmental monitoring and urban planning for Beijing,especially for the 2008 Olympic game to be held in Beijing.     

Modeling of air quality with a modified two-dimensional Eulerian model： A case study in the Pearl River Delta （PRD） region of China

A modified two-dimensional Eulerian air quality model was used to simulate both the gaseous and particulate pollutant concentrations during October 21-24, 2004 in the Pearl River Delta （PRD） region, China. The most significant improvement to the model is the added capability to predict the secondary organic aerosols （SOA） concentrations because of the inclusion of the SOA formation chemistry. The meteorological input data were prepared using the CALMET meteorological model. The concentrations of aerosol-bound species such as NO3^-, NH4^＋, SO4^2-, and SOA were calculated in the fine particle size range （〈2.5 μm）. The results of the two-dimensional model were compared to the measurements at the ground level during the PRD Intensive Monitoring Campaign （IMC）. Overall, there were good agreements between the measured and modeled concentrations of inorganic aerosol components and O3. Both the measured and the modeled results indicated that the maximum hourly O3 concentrations exceeded the China National Air Quality Standard. The predicted 24-h average SOA concentrations were in reasonable agreement with those predicted by the method of minimum OC/EC ratio.     

Experimental investigation of the e ect of flow turbulence and sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence,sediment supply conditions,and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmiumions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied both in batch reactors and in a turbulencesimulation tank.By changing the agitation conditions,the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment.It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much lessthan that of suspended sediment,but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final(equilibrium)concentration of dissolvedcadmium.This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern.Inthe turbulence simulation tank,the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions,and the turbulence intensity is quantifiedin terms of eddy diffusivity,which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency)and is comparable to natural surfacewater conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment,the adsorption rateis significantly low,and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of theexperiment.This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in naturalrivers.When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists,the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmiumconcentration in the tank noticeably increase,and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerablydue to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results ofthe experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment,andin particular the adsorption rate,is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.