电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定电路板中金属含量的方法改进

根据样品中被测元素的特点,采用硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸-硼酸-硝酸和硝酸体系,对电路板中金属元素进行消解,用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法对电路板中的金属元素含量进行定量分析。该方法具有简单、准确的特点,可以快速分析电路板中的金属元素含量。     

Effects of metal and acidic sites on the reaction by-products of butyl acetate oxidation over palladium-based catalysts

Catalytic oxidation is widely used in pollution control technology to remove volatile organic compounds. In this study, Pd/ZSM-5 catalysts with different Pd contents and acidic sites were prepared via the impregnation method. All the catalysts were characterized by means of N2 adsorption- desorption, X-ray fluorescence （XRF）, HE temperature programmed reduction （H2-TPR）, and NH3 temperature programmed desorption （NH3-TPD）. Their catalytic performance was investigated in the oxidation of butyl acetate experiments. The by-products of the reaction were collected in thermal desorption tubes and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. It was found that the increase of Pd content slightly changed the catalytic activity of butyl acetate oxidation according to the yield of CO2 achieved at 90%, but decreased the cracking by-products, whereas the enhancement of strong acidity over Pd-based catalysts enriched the by-product species. The butyl acetate oxidation process involves a series of reaction steps including protolysis, dehydrogenation, dehydration, cracking, and isomerization. Generally, butyl acetate was cracked to acetic acid and 2- methylpropene and the latter was an intermediate of the other by-products, and the oxidation routes of typical by-products were proposed. Trace amounts of 3-methylpentane, hexane, 2-methylpentane, pentane, and 2-methylbutane originated from iso4merization and protolysis reactions.     

Ultrasonic preparation of nano-nickel/activated carbon composite using spent electroless nickel plating bath and application in degradation of 2,6-dichlorophenol

Ni was effectively recovered from spent electroless nickel （EN） plating baths by forming a nano-nickel coated activated carbon composite. With the aid of ultrasonication, melamine- formaldehyde-tetraoxalyl-ethylenediamine chelating resins were grafted on activated carbon （MFT/AG）. PdC12 sol was adsorbed on MFT/AC, which was then immersed in spent electroless nickel plating bath; then nano-nickel could be reduced by ascorbic acid to form a nano-nickel coating on the activated carbon composite （Ni/AC） in situ. The materials present were carefully examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electro- chemistry techniques. The resins were well distributed on the inside and outside surfaces of activated carbon with a size of 120 ± 30 nm in MFT/AC, and a great deal of nano-nickel particles were evenly deposited with a size of 3.8 ± 1.1 nm in Ni/MFT. Moreover, Ni/AC was successfully used as a catalyst for ultrasonic degradation of 2.6-dichloronhenol.     

Nitrogen mass balance in a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater effluent

The nitrogen changes and the nitrogen mass balance in a free water surface flow constructed wetland （CW） using the four-year monitoring data from 2008 to 2012 were estimated. The CW was composed of six cells in series that include the first settling basin （Cell 1）, aeration pond （Cell 2）, deep marsh （Cell 3）, shallow marsh （Cell 4）, deep marsh （Cell 5） and final settling basin （Cell 6）. Analysis revealed that the NH4＋-N concentration decreased because of ammonification which was then followed by nitrification. The NO4＋-N and NO4＋-N were also further reduced by means of microbial activities and plant uptake during photosynthesis. The average nitrogen concentration at the influent was 37,819 kg/year and approximately 45% of that amount exited the CW in the effluent. The denitrification amounted to 34% of the net nitrogen input, whereas the accretion of sediment was only 7%. The biomass uptake of plants was able to retain only 1% of total nitrogen load. In order to improve the nutrient removal by plant uptake, plant coverage in four cells （i.e., Cells 1, 3, 4 and 5） could be increased.     

Characterization of extracellular polymeric substances in the biofilms of typical bacteria by the sulfur K-edge XANES spectroscopy

A combined approach of physicochemical extraction and sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure（XANES） spectroscopy was applied to characterize the extracellular polymeric substances（EPS） of typical bacterial biofilms in this study. Physicochemical analysis showed variation of the contents of DNA,polysaccharide and protein in different fractions of EPS in different mediums. The sulfur K-edge XANES analysis yielded a variety of spectra.Spectral fitting of the XANES spectra utilizing a large set of model compounds showed that there was more reduced sulfur in both LB-EPS（loosely bound EPS） and TB-EPS（tightly bound EPS） of all the biofilms in LB medium than in R2 A medium. More oxidized sulfur was identified in LB-EPS than that in TB-EPS,suggesting different niches and physiological heterogeneity in the biofilms. Our results suggested that the sulfur K-edge XANES can be a useful tool to analyze the sulfur speciation in EPS of biofilms.     

ENN精粹

<正>有前景的埃博拉疫苗处于研发状态ENN环境新闻网新闻2014年10月27日并不是每个染上埃博拉病毒的人都会死亡,埃博拉病毒感染的存活率大约30%左右,这表明用疫苗来应对埃博拉病毒是完全有可能的。虽然目前已经有了应对埃博拉病毒的实验和疫苗,但是都尚未进行安全性和有效性的大规模的测试(2期临床试验)。国际免疫学会联盟(IUIS)日前在其官方杂志上发表了一份声明,前沿免疫学迫切需要有足够的资金用于临床试验的候选疫苗和疫苗试验者,并且还得尽快     

深圳市天然γ辐射空气吸收剂量率调查

从2007年至2011年在深圳市进行了天然γ辐射空气吸收计量的调查.调查结果显示：全市天然辐射外照射空气吸收剂量率的变化范围为（4.87 ～17.68）×10^ 8Gy/h,平均值为10.00 ×10^ 8Gy/h,与广东省平均水平相当,稍高于全国平均值,属于正常天然本底范围;天然辐射外照射致深圳市居民人均年有效剂量当量（0.22 ～ 1.08） mSv,低于广东省与全国的平均水平;集体有效剂量当量54.32×10^2man· Sv.     

利用微型后生动物进行污泥原位减量的试验研究

在A/A/O普通活性污泥工艺中引入非寡毛类微型后生动物考察其生长条件和对剩余污泥的减量效果及对系统处理效果的影响。结果表明,当进水负荷小于0.5 mg(/mg MLSS·d)时,非寡毛类微型后生动物可大量生长;当内回流比升高、外回流比降低时,更有利于虫体的繁殖。经过适时的运行工艺调整可使生化系统虫体密度和稳定性提高,污泥减量效果可达到40%以上。非寡毛类后生动物的活动与摄食作用提高了系统污泥的沉降性能,并对系统出水COD、NH3-N、TN、TP、SS没有影响。。     

乙酰胺低共熔离子液体吸收SO_2的研究

制备了3种乙酰胺-无机盐类低共熔离子液体,测定了其物理性质并将其应用于SO2气体的吸收。结果表明,这些低共熔离子液体具有和传统离子液体相似的性质,例如熔点低、粘度低、密度高、电导率高以及较宽的液态范围。此类离子液体对SO2气体有较好的吸收能力,而且吸收量和温度的关系满足二次多项式方程。红外光谱结果表明吸收是可逆的,回收的离子液体可高效重复使用至少5次。乙酰胺-硫氰酸钠(3∶1)对SO2的质量分数吸收量为0.554 g/g(20℃,1 atm),具有吸收量高、成本低和易回收的优势,是一个很有前景的SO2吸收剂。     

桂林市交警尿汞含量及分布研究

对桂林市3个城区交警按年龄、工龄、工种和性别比例采集尿样44件,测定和研究尿样汞浓度分布状况,并采集普通人群发样128件加以对照。结果表明,车流量越大,从事交警的工龄越长,交警尿样中汞浓度越高。从事外勤工作交警尿样汞平均浓度高于内勤工作交警。桂林市交警尿样汞平均浓度为(2.372±0.657)μg/L,是普通人群(0.348±0.193)μg/L的6.82倍。对交警与普通人群以及外勤交警与内勤交警尿样的汞浓度分别进行独立样本t检验,差异性均显著。男性交警尿样汞平均浓度为(2.429±0.628)μg/L,略高于女交警(2.114±0.722)μg/L。对不同性别交警尿汞浓度进行独立样本t检验,差异性不显著。无铅汽油的使用降低了大气中铅的污染,但汞的污染依然存在,应当引起高度重视。