生物法处理海上油田含聚生产污水研究报告

应用"倍加清"特种微生物技术,结合"气浮+生化+固液分离"的处理工艺,以中海油绥中SZ36-1陆上终端含聚污水为水质样本,研究生物法处理海上油田含聚生产污水的效果。结果表明,该工艺处理后出水可达"1.5.2"的水质标准,远优于"10.10.3"的注入水质指标要求,并确定了相关技术参数。该技术具备处理效果好、适应来水水质范围大、环境友好等优势。但由于空间重量的限制,尚不适用于海上油田平台的生产水处理工艺。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定电路板中金属含量的方法改进

根据样品中被测元素的特点,采用硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸-硼酸-硝酸和硝酸体系,对电路板中金属元素进行消解,用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法对电路板中的金属元素含量进行定量分析。该方法具有简单、准确的特点,可以快速分析电路板中的金属元素含量。     

Effects of metal and acidic sites on the reaction by-products of butyl acetate oxidation over palladium-based catalysts

Catalytic oxidation is widely used in pollution control technology to remove volatile organic compounds. In this study, Pd/ZSM-5 catalysts with different Pd contents and acidic sites were prepared via the impregnation method. All the catalysts were characterized by means of N2 adsorption- desorption, X-ray fluorescence （XRF）, HE temperature programmed reduction （H2-TPR）, and NH3 temperature programmed desorption （NH3-TPD）. Their catalytic performance was investigated in the oxidation of butyl acetate experiments. The by-products of the reaction were collected in thermal desorption tubes and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. It was found that the increase of Pd content slightly changed the catalytic activity of butyl acetate oxidation according to the yield of CO2 achieved at 90%, but decreased the cracking by-products, whereas the enhancement of strong acidity over Pd-based catalysts enriched the by-product species. The butyl acetate oxidation process involves a series of reaction steps including protolysis, dehydrogenation, dehydration, cracking, and isomerization. Generally, butyl acetate was cracked to acetic acid and 2- methylpropene and the latter was an intermediate of the other by-products, and the oxidation routes of typical by-products were proposed. Trace amounts of 3-methylpentane, hexane, 2-methylpentane, pentane, and 2-methylbutane originated from iso4merization and protolysis reactions.     

Ultrasonic preparation of nano-nickel/activated carbon composite using spent electroless nickel plating bath and application in degradation of 2,6-dichlorophenol

Ni was effectively recovered from spent electroless nickel （EN） plating baths by forming a nano-nickel coated activated carbon composite. With the aid of ultrasonication, melamine- formaldehyde-tetraoxalyl-ethylenediamine chelating resins were grafted on activated carbon （MFT/AG）. PdC12 sol was adsorbed on MFT/AC, which was then immersed in spent electroless nickel plating bath; then nano-nickel could be reduced by ascorbic acid to form a nano-nickel coating on the activated carbon composite （Ni/AC） in situ. The materials present were carefully examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electro- chemistry techniques. The resins were well distributed on the inside and outside surfaces of activated carbon with a size of 120 ± 30 nm in MFT/AC, and a great deal of nano-nickel particles were evenly deposited with a size of 3.8 ± 1.1 nm in Ni/MFT. Moreover, Ni/AC was successfully used as a catalyst for ultrasonic degradation of 2.6-dichloronhenol.     

Acute and chronic toxic effects of Pb2+ on polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis：Morphological changes and responses of the antioxidant system

Perinereis aibuhitensis was used to assess adverse biological effects caused by acute and chronic Pb2＋exposure in artificial seawater under controlled laboratory conditions. In 96-hr acute toxicity experiments,the morphological changes showed a positive time/dose-dependent tendency,and the 96-hr LC50 value of Pb2＋was 686.41 mg/L. The responses of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in tissues including catalase（CAT）,peroxidase（POD）,superoxide dismutase（SOD）,glutathione peroxidase（GSH-PX）,malondialdehyde（MDA） and the content of total soluble protein（TSP）,were investigated on days 1,4,7 and 10 after Pb2＋exposure under chronic toxicity testing. Results showed that the activation of the antioxidant system in P. aibuhitensis depended on the Pb2＋concentration and the duration of exposure time.Specifically,POD and SOD activities were induced on the first day of the exposure and decreased to the control level on day 10 after exposure. Therefore,these two indexes could be used to indicate oxidative stress associated with P. aibuhitensis exposure to Pb2＋.     

利用微型后生动物进行污泥原位减量的试验研究

在A/A/O普通活性污泥工艺中引入非寡毛类微型后生动物考察其生长条件和对剩余污泥的减量效果及对系统处理效果的影响。结果表明,当进水负荷小于0.5 mg(/mg MLSS·d)时,非寡毛类微型后生动物可大量生长;当内回流比升高、外回流比降低时,更有利于虫体的繁殖。经过适时的运行工艺调整可使生化系统虫体密度和稳定性提高,污泥减量效果可达到40%以上。非寡毛类后生动物的活动与摄食作用提高了系统污泥的沉降性能,并对系统出水COD、NH3-N、TN、TP、SS没有影响。。     

三氯生对土壤酶活性的影响

为了明确三氯生对土壤生态环境的安全性,以3种土壤酶为指标,采用室内培养试验,研究了不同浓度的三氯生对土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响。研究结果表明,不同浓度水平的三氯生对3种土壤酶活性的影响效果不同。低浓度(≤50 mg/kg)三氯生作用下,脲酶活性先降低后增加,最后恢复到对照水平,高浓度(100 mg/kg)三氯生胁迫下脲酶活性先降低后恢复最后又被抑制。而对酸性磷酸酶活性来说,三氯生在低浓度时(≤50 mg/kg)先刺激后抑制酶活性,最后磷酸酶活性恢复到对照水平,高浓度下(100 mg/kg)三氯生先抑制后刺激再抑制磷酸酶活性,最后磷酸酶活性恢复到对照水平。各浓度水平的三氯生在培养的初期(21 d)对土壤过氧化氢酶活性没有影响,随着培养时间延长(≥28 d),低浓度(≤50 mg/kg)三氯生刺激了酶活性,高浓度(100 mg/kg)的三氯生抑制了过氧化氢酶活性。总体来说,高浓度的三氯生对土壤环境存在不利影响。     

采用精密度法评定总氮测量不确定度

采用top-down技术中的精密度法对环境水样中总氮的测量不确定度进行了评定。文章利用实验室内期间精密度实验结果、参加能力验证结果和实验室内标准样品的重复性测定结果,对实验室测量偏倚和精密度控制情况进行评估,并在保证实验室的测量过程处于统计受控状态下,参考能力验证的室间标准差作为测量不确定度的估计值。由于这种方法关注实验的整个过程,因此更能从整体上反映实验结果的测量不确定度;并且由于省去了传统bottom-up技术中复杂的实验设计和繁琐的合成计算,应用起来简便易行。     

超声波-氢氧化钙联合破解剩余污泥的效果

在对超声波、Ca(OH)2单独破解污泥效果研究的基础上,运用响应面法对超声波-Ca(OH)2联合破解剩余污泥的效果进行研究。结果表明:超声波单独破解剩余污泥过程中,污泥破解效果与超声波能量密度和作用时间均成正相关;Ca(OH)2单独破解剩余污泥过程中,当Ca(OH)2投加量为0.04 mol/L时,污泥破解效果最佳,1 h内污泥的破解率(DD)由控制样的0.61%增长到7.48%;联合破解剩余污泥效果优于2种单独破解效果,污泥破解率与超声波能量密度(A)、Ca(OH)2投加量(B)、联合作用时间(C)满足三元二次方程方程DD=-2.660-0.057A+484.738B-0.048C+0.441AB-2.233×10-3AC-0.088×BC-2.909×10-4A2-6 055.000 B2+2.117×10-4C2,且超声波与Ca(OH)2联合破解污泥过程中存在协同效应,当超声波能量密度为0.10 kW/L、Ca(OH)2投加量为0.04 mol/L、联合作用时间为60min时,污泥的破解率达到19.60%,此时协同效应最强。     

核壳结构TiO_2/SiO_2/Fe_3O_4颗粒的制备及性能研究

针对纳米Ti O2光催化剂回收困难、成本较高等问题,采用溶胶-凝胶法在表面包覆了Si O2的磁基体Fe3O4上负载Ti O2,制备出一种具有光催化作用的核壳结构Ti O2/Si O2/Fe3O4功能纳米颗粒。通过TEM、XRD等对其包覆效果及结构进行表征,结果表明,Si O2、Ti O2包覆的醇∶酯∶水的比例分别为4.6∶12.3∶1和30.3∶12.5∶1时可以得到包覆均匀的Ti O2/Si O2/Fe3O4功能颗粒。在可见光和紫外光的照射下,Ti O2/Si O2/Fe3O4光催化剂降解亚甲基蓝溶液的脱色率分别为85.16%和78.86%,使用5次后颗粒的回收率仍能保持在75%以上,具有优异的光催化降解性能,并且可重复利用率高。