臭氧法降解水中对甲基苯磺酸的动力学研究

采用臭氧法降解对甲基苯磺酸废水,研究了对甲基苯磺酸降解的影响因素和动力学.考察了反应液初始浓度、初始pH值、臭氧投量、反应温度、常见无机离子等因素对臭氧氧化降解对甲基苯磺酸反应速率的影响.结果表明,对甲基苯磺酸初始浓度0.29mmol.L-1,pH9.0,臭氧投量3.75×10-6mol.s-1,控制温度25℃,反应6...     

Biodegradation of Crystal Violet by Agrobacterium radiobacter

Agrobacterium radiobacter MTCC 8161 completely decolorized the Crystal Violet with 8 hr (10 mg/L) at static anoxic conditions. The decreased decolorization capability by A. radiobacter was observed, when the Crystal Violet concentration was increased from 10 to 100 mg/L. Semi-synthetic medium containing 1% yeast extract and 0.1% NH4Cl has shown 100% decolorization of Crystal Violet within 5 hr. A complete degradation of Crystal Violet by A. radiobacter was observed up to 7 cycles of repeated addition (10 mg/L). When the effect of increasing inoculum concentration on decolorization of Crystal Violet (100 mg/L) was studied, maximum decolorization was observed with 15% inoculum concentration. A significant increase in the activities of laccase (184%) and aminopyrine N-demethylase (300%) in cells obtained after decolorization indicated the involvement of these enzymes in decolorization process. The intermediates formed during the degradation of Crystal Violet were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). It was detected the presence of N,N,N′,N′′-tetramethylpararosaniline, [N; N-dimethylaminophenyl] [N-methylaminophenyl] benzophenone, N; N-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 4-methyl amino phenol and phenol. We proposed the hypothetical metabolic pathway of Crystal Violet biodegradation by A. radiobacter. Phytotoxicity and microbial toxicity study showed that Crystal Violet biodegradation metabolites were less toxic to bacteria (A. radiobacter, P. aurugenosa and A. vinelandii) contributing to soil fertility and for four kinds of plants (Sorghum bicolor, Vigna radiata, Lens culinaris and Triticum aestivum) which are most sensitive, fast growing and commonly used in Indian agriculture.     

Performance of dithiocarbamate-type flocculant in treating simulated polymer flooding produced water

Produced water from polymer flooding is di cult to treat due to its high polymer concentration, high viscosity, and emulsified characteristics. The dithiocarbamate flocculant, DTC (T403), was prepared by the amine-terminated polyoxypropane-ether compound known as Je amine-T403. The product was characterized by IR spectra and elemental analysis. The DTC agent chelating with Fe2+ produced a network polymer matrix, which captured and removed oil droplets e ciently. Oil removal by the flocculent on simulated produced water with 0, 200, 500, 900 mg/L of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) was investigated for aspects of e ectiveness of DTC (T403) dosage and concentrations of HPAM and Fe2+ ions in the wastewater. Results showed that HPAM had a negative influence on oil removal e ciency when DTC (T403) dosage was lower than 20 mg/L. However, residual oil concentrations in tested samples with di erent concentrations of HPAM all decreased below 10 mg/L when DTC (T403) dosage reached 30 mg/L. The concentration of Fe2+ in the initial wastewater had a slight e ect on oil removal at the range of 2–12 mg/L. Results showed that Fe3+ could not be used in place of Fe2+ as Fe3+ could not react with DTC under flocculated conditions. The e ects of mineral salts ions were also investigated.     

4-氨基安替比林法测定水样中的酚的探讨和改进

本文针对水样中测定挥发酚时存在的不稳定因素,这一实际情况,进行了大量的试验研究,找出了原因所在。对基层环境监测工作有实际意义。     

1982～2010年湖北省人口分布格局变迁及其影响因素

以人口普查数据为基础,采用空间分析技术,对1982~2010年湖北省人口分布的变迁及原因进行研究。结果表明:(1)湖北省人口分布具有显著的空间差异:区域尺度上,人口分布由东向西梯度递减,且梯度差异不断扩大;地市尺度上,武汉市始终是人口密度最高的地区,神农架、恩施、十堰、宜昌始终是人口密度最低的地区;县级尺度上,人口两极分化明显;省域尺度上,人口密度高值区长期呈三足鼎立的态势,人口重心始终位于几何中心以东,并不断向东迁移;(2)湖北省人口格局形成的原因是多方面的:自然地理差异是奠定湖北人口分布格局的决定因子;社会经济发展对湖北人口分布在自然基础上进行再塑造;区域发展战略对湖北人口分布的变迁起着重要导向作用;开发历史也在一定程度上影响了人口分布的布局。     

实测/预测辽河铬(Ⅵ)水生生物基准与风险评估

该研究对辽河流域重金属铬(Ⅵ)的水生生物毒性数据进行搜集与筛选,推导辽河流域铬(Ⅵ)的水生生物基准值,并对辽河流域25个采样点位采集水样,测定铬(Ⅵ)的环境暴露浓度,最后对辽河流域水生生物铬(Ⅵ)暴露的潜在风险进行评估.此外,采用美国环境保护署(US EPA)物种种间关系估算模型(ICE)对辽河流域物种毒性值进行预测,并对基于预测毒性值的水生生物基准进行推导.结果表明,辽河流域基于实测毒性数据的水生生物急性基准值(CMC)为17.73μg·L-1,慢性基准值(CCC)为12.15μg·L-1;ICE模型预测的辽河流域生物毒性值推导的CMC值为13.97μg·L-1,实测CMC值与预测值比较接近,表明ICE模型可应用于水生生物基准值的预测.铬(Ⅵ)的水质分析结果表明25个采样点位水体铬(Ⅵ)浓度较低,均达到GB 3838-2002地表水质标准中铬(Ⅵ)的Ⅰ类或Ⅱ类标准,水质状况良好;然而,在对水生生物的潜在风险方面,通过生态风险评估得出7月辽河流域25个点位中环境暴露值超过慢性基准CCC值的有7个,12月超过慢性基准CCC值的有6个,表明辽河流域个别点位铬(Ⅵ)暴露可能会对水生生物产生不可接受的风险.     

2,6-二氨基蒽醌/石墨烯复合电极强化电吸附Pb2+

电吸附高效去除水中重金属离子的关键在于开发性能优异的电极材料.采用2,6-二氨基蒽醌(DA)修饰还原氧化石墨烯(r GO),通过溶剂热法成功制备了DA@rGO复合电极,考察了复合电极的电化学性质及电吸附Pb~(2+)性能.循环伏安测试表明,复合电极电化学性质优异,比电容在电流密度为1 A·g-1时达到304. 4 F·g-1,DA修饰显著提高了复合电极的赝电容.电吸附Pb~(2+)测试表明,施加电压为-1. 2 V时电吸附效果最优,反应60 min后Pb~(2+)去除率达94. 8%.电吸附过程符合一级动力学方程,Langmuir模型拟合得到Pb~(2+)的饱和吸附量为356. 66 mg·g-1,明显高于r GO电极(319. 40 mg·g-1),DA修饰引起的电容增加是复合电极Pb~(2+)吸附量提高的重要原因.使用0. 5 mol·L-1硝酸处理可使电极吸附的Pb~(2+)在5 min内脱附完全,实现吸附剂再生.经过10次电极吸附-脱附循环后,DA@rGO复合电极对Pb~(2+)的吸附去除率保持在88%左右,电极循环性能稳定.     

Co(Ⅱ)活化过一硫酸盐降解氨基三亚甲基膦酸的性能及反应机制

Co(Ⅱ)活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)能有效降解有机膦酸,但氨基有机膦酸的降解机制并不明确.以氨基三亚甲基膦酸(NTMP)为例,采用电子顺磁共振波谱(EPR)、自由基捕获实验和化学探针实验等探究其在Co(Ⅱ)/PMS体系下的降解机制,并分析了NTMP可能的降解路径和影响其降解的因素.结果表明,Co(Ⅱ)/PMS体系20 min内NTMP已经被完全降解,反应60 min后,78.3%NTMP被氧化生成正磷酸盐(PO₄^3-).¹O₂、 HO·和SO^-₄·对Co(Ⅱ)/PMS体系氧化NTMP的贡献较小,Co(Ⅱ)-PMS络合物是NTMP降解的主要活性氧化物种.NTMP与Co(Ⅱ)-PMS络合物反应,使其C—N键和C—P键断裂生成多种含膦酸基团的中间产物,并最终被氧化为PO₄^3-.随着PMS投加量和Co(Ⅱ)投加量的增加,NTMP氧化过程中PO₄^3-的产生率显著增加.此外,HCO<...     

功能化凹凸棒吸附材料的制备及其对重金属废水中Pb2+的吸附行为

重金属离子废水会对人体健康和环境造成严重威胁,吸附法是去除重金属废水中重金属离子的重要方法.对凹凸棒土（ATP）接枝磁性Fe₃O₄纳米粒子,再使用3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷（APTES）进行改性,制备了具有良好吸附性能的凹凸棒复合纳米材料吸附剂（ATP-Fe₃O₄-APTES）,并将其用于重金属离子废水的处理.利用FT-IR、XRD、SEM及TEM、BET吸脱附法、Zeta电位和VSM分析等方法对材料的结构和表面性质进行了分析表征.研究了所制备材料对重金属离子Pb²⁺的吸附行为,考察了溶液pH、吸附时间、吸附温度和Pb²⁺初始浓度等因素对材料吸附性能的影响作用,探讨了吸附过程的吸附动力学、吸附等温线和吸附热力学行为.结果表明,材料对Pb²⁺的最大吸附容量为129.32 mg·g^-1.吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温式,表明材料对Pb²⁺的吸附是单分子层化学吸附;吸附热力学分析表明,吸附过程是一个自发的吸热过程,吸附驱动力主要来自吸附材料表面-NH₂与Pb²⁺之间的配位作用.综上,所制备功能化磁性凹凸棒吸附材料对重金属离子具有良好的吸附性能,有望用于重金属离子废水的处理.     

磺胺-(L-组氨酸)分光光度法测定环境水体中亚硝酸盐氮

重氮偶合分光光度法是测定环境水体中亚硝酸盐氮的标准方法,但所用偶合试剂有较高的毒性,若实验人员在实验过程中出现失误,可能会对自身及环境造成一定的危害。为此以对氨基苯磺酰胺（即磺胺）为重氮试剂,以α-氨基β-咪唑基丙酸（即L-组氨酸）为偶合试剂,对环境水体中亚硝酸盐氮进行测定,可有效避免实验中有毒物质的使用,同时优化了实验条件。实验结果表明：该方法摩尔吸光系数为2.20×10⁴ L/（mol·cm）,线性范围为0~0.200 mg/L,检出限可达到0.002 mg/L,加标回收率为98.5%~101%,通过与《水质 亚硝酸盐氮的测定 分光光度法》（GB 7493—1987）比对发现,该方法无显著性差异,且具有安全环保、操作简便、成本低廉、准确度高、灵敏度高等优点。该方法可用于环境监测中常见的地表水、地下水、海水、废水中亚硝酸盐氮的测定。