城市饮用水源水质健康风险评价

应用健康风险评价模型对广东省某河段饮用水源地水质进行健康风险评价。结果表明,化学致癌物是该饮用水源地的主要污染物;化学致癌物的健康风险大小顺序为Cr6+>As>Cd,优先控制污染物为Cr6+;化学致癌物的健康风险超过国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受限值,并且远远超过非致癌物所致的风险;非致癌物的健康风险大小顺序为Pb>F>NH3-N>CN>酚。研究结果确定了该水源地水质健康风险值、污染物的优先控制顺序。     

Genotoxicity evaluation of drinking water sources in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using the comet assay

The potential harm of organic pollutants in drinking water to human health is widely focused on in the wodd; more and more pollutants with genotoxic substances are released into the aquatic environment. Water source samples were collected from 7 different localities of Nanjing City. The potential genotoxicity of organic extracts from drinking water sources were investigated by means of the comet assay in human peripheral lymphocytes. The results showed that all the organic extracts from all the water source samples could induce DNA damages of human peripheral blood lymphocytes at different levels. A significant difference （P 〈 0.01） was observed when compared with the solvent control, The DNA damage increased with the increase of the dosage of the original water source. Significant differences of DNA damage were observed in different drinking water sources, as shown by the multiple comparisons analysis at the dosage of 100x; the degree of DNA damage treated by Hushu waterworks （at town level） was the most serious, the arbitrary units （AU） was 141.62±6.96, however, that of Shangyuanmen waterworks （at city level） was only 109.64±2.97. The analysis also revealed that the genotoxicity of town＇s water sources was higher than that of the city. The results demonstrated that the comet assay can be successfully applied to the genotoxicity monitoring programs of drinking water sources.     

长江三角洲地区地下水污染健康风险评价

长江三角洲地区是人口密度大和工农业生产发展很快的地区,为了保障人民生活用水安全,笔者在采样调查的基础上,采用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对该地区地下水的健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,非致癌物质由饮水途径所致健康危害的个人年风险以氟为最大, 其次是铅、汞,其他污染物对人体健康危害的个人年风险均小于1.0 ×10-9 a-1;而该地区地下水的化学致癌物引起的健康危害的风险度要比非致癌物所致的健康危害风险度高3～4个数量级,说明化学致癌物是地下水饮用水源需优先防治的污染物,必须在人们饮用之前将其去除,从而降低风险度.     

隆尧县五项措施加强农村环境保护

一是加大环保宣传力度,积极宣传循环经济的先进理念,开展环保知识下乡,普及环保知识,增强农民群众的环保意识。二是制定农村环保规划,着眼于社会主义新农村的发展趋势,根据当地的主体的生态功能来确定每个村的发展规划。三是加强农村饮用水源保护,全县各乡镇组织开展农村饮用水源的保护工作,划定饮用水源保护区范围,建设饮用水源处理设施,确保饮用水源水质达到国家相应标准。     

抚顺东部水源涵养林涵养水量价值估算

本文森林林冠截留降雨,枯枝落叶层及土壤含水性三个方面定量分析了抚顺东部山区森林的水源涵养能力,并对涵养水源效益的价值进行估算,为东部山区实施科学管理,建立生态补偿对策提供基础数据.     

饮用水源保护区划分体系研究

城市水源保护区和地表饮用水源地的缺乏已成为全球性问题,并引起了各界的广泛关注。概述了几种常用的水源保护区划分方法。在此基础上,提出了基于经济、社会、自然3者协调发展的饮用水源保护区划分方法。采用层次分析计算法,比较了1级水源保护区的3个方案,确定了上海郊区某地表饮用水源保护区的最优划分方案。     

Effects of fulvic acid and humic acid on aluminum speciation in drinking water

This article focused on the influences of fulvic acid and humic acid on aluminum speciation in drinking water. Factors including the concentration of residual chlorine and pH value had been concerned. Aluminum species investigated in the experiments included inorganic mononuclear, organic mononuclear, mononuclear, polymer, soluble, and suspended forms. It was found that the e ects of fulvic acid and humic acid on aluminum speciation depended mainly on their molecular weight. Fulvic acid with molecular weight less than 5000 Dalton had little influence on aluminum speciation; while fulvic acid with molecular weight larger than 5000 Dalton and humic acid would increase the concentration of soluble aluminum significantly even at concentration below 0.5 mg/L (calculated as TOC). Aluminum species, in the present of fulvic acid with molecular weight larger than 5000 Dalton and humic acid, were more stable than that in the present of fluvic acid with molecular mass less than 5000 Dalton, and varied little with reaction time. Within pH range 6.5–7.5, soluble aluminum increased notably in water with organic matter. As the concentration of residual chlorine increased, the e ects of fulvic acid and humic acid became weak. The reactions between humic acid, fulvic acid with large molecular weight, and aluminum were considered to be a multi-dentate coordination process. With the consideration of aluminum bioavailability, reducing the concentration of fulvic acid and humic acid and keeping the pH value among 6.5–7.5 were recommended during drinking water treatment.     

河流型水源保护区划分方法探讨

为了保障饮用水供水安全和公众的健康,我国对水源地实行保护区制度,但保护区的划分方法却不尽合理。文章以某一个河流型水源地的参数为依据,分别采用一维模式和二维模式计算保护区长度;同时说明了各种方法的优缺点和我国现行水源保护区划分方法中存在的问题:一维模型计算的长度太长,实际难以操作,二维模型计算不符合实际情况,我国现行规范方法参数难以选取等,并针对这些问题建议在不同的河段采用不同的计算方法,合理划定保护区长度。     

高校中水水源分类及基于AHP方法的优质度排序

高校是我国城市用水大户,在高校校园建立中水回用系统是节约水资源、减少水污染、建设生态校园的有效途径,选择优质的中水水源是保证中水回用系统高效运行的首要前提。目前,开辟中水水源多基于简单定性分析后加以利用,少有对水源的量化评价以及优质度的排序。文章针对高校中各个单位用水类型不同、排水水质和水量呈多样性的问题,将校园内各个水源进行综合分类并运用层次分析法(AHP)进行优质度的量化评价,以各水源优质程度排序为依据筛选出可利用的中水水源。根据实地调查及实验分析数据,以北京师范大学为例应用评价方法,并将结果与校园实际的中水回用情况对比,验证指标及方法的合理性。文章将为高校中水水源的分类及筛选的量化评价提供借鉴。     

居住小区非传统水资源优化配置研究

中国居住小区非传统水资源利用发展迅速,带来可观的经济、社会和环境效益。与此同时,应实施小区非传统水资源的优化配置,以合理有效地利用多种水源。研究居住小区的非传统水源优化配置具有重要意义,既提高了利用效率,又促进了经济、社会和环境的可持续发展。文章阐述了水资源优化配置中常用的多目标规划方法和特点,指出适合于居住小区非传统水资源利用的多目标规划方法及注意事项。并着重说明可以优先考虑使用遗传算法。