砷锑钼蓝分光光度法快速测定水和废水中的微量砷

研究了砷锑钼三元杂多酸的形成条件及其还原产物的光度性质。结果表明：显色体系呈大吸收位于８６５ｕｍ处,ε＇（８６５）＝２．１×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ（－１）·ｃｍ（－１）。在室温下能稳定２４ｈ。砷量在０—４０μｇ／１０ｍｌ遵守比尔定律,ｒ＝０．９９９１。用丘氏定砷器使砷呈ＡｓＨ３逸出分离。     

萃取富集—火焰原子吸收法测定环境水中痕量砷

联合应用高效雾化器、缝式石英管火焰原子吸收法,采用萃取富集技术测定砷,使砷的灵敏度改善267倍,同时消除了大量盐类的干扰,避免了钠、铝等对石英管的损坏。考察了溶液酸度、碘化钾用量、共存离子等因素对实验的影响。该方法的线性范围为0～25μg／L,检出限为。3μg／L,相对标准偏差为3．2％,回收率为97．8％～101．0％,用于环境水样中痕量砷的监测,结果令人满意。     

Relationship of urinary arsenic metabolites to intake estimates in residents of the Red River Delta, Vietnam

This study investigated the status of arsenic (As) exposure from groundwater and rice, and its methylation capacity in residents from the Red River Delta, Vietnam. Arsenic levels in groundwater ranged from <1.8 to 486 μg/L. Remarkably, 86% of groundwater samples exceeded WHO drinking water guideline of 10 μg/L. Also, estimated inorganic As intake from groundwater and rice were over Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (15 μg/week/kg body wt.) by FAO/WHO for 92% of the residents examined. Inorganic As and its metabolite (monomethylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid) concentrations in human urine were positively correlated with estimated inorganic As intake. These results suggest that residents in these areas are exposed to As through consumption of groundwater and rice, and potential health risk of As is of great concern for these people. Urinary concentration ratios of dimethylarsinic acid to monomethylarsonic acid in children were higher than those in adults, especially among men, indicating greater As methylation capacity in children.     

On the potential of biological treatment for arsenic contaminated soils and groundwater

Bioremediation of arsenic contaminated soils and groundwater shows a great potential for future development due to its environmental compatibility and possible cost-effectiveness. It relies on microbial activity to remove, mobilize, and contain arsenic through sorption, biomethylation–demethylation, complexation, coprecipitation, and oxidation–reduction processes. This paper gives an evaluation on the feasibility of using biological methods for the remediation of arsenic contaminated soils and groundwater. Ex-situ bioleaching can effectively remove bulk arsenic from contaminated soils. Biostimulation such as addition of carbon sources and mineral nutrients can be applied to promote the leaching rate. Biosorption can be used either ex-situ or in-situ to remove arsenic from groundwater by sorption to biomass and/or coprecipitation with biogenic solids or sulfides. Introduction of proper biosorbents or microorganisms to produce active biosorbents in-situ is the key to the success of this method. Phytoremediation depends on arsenic-hyperaccumulating plants to remove arsenic from soils and shallow groundwater by translocating it into plant tissues. Engineering genetic strategies can be employed to increase the arsenic-hyperaccumulating capacity of the plants. Biovolatilization may be developed potentially as an ex-situ treatment technology. Further efforts are needed to focus on increasing the volatilization rate and the post-treatment of volatilization products.     

二氧化锰对As(Ⅲ)的氧化及其对针铁矿去除水体中As(Ⅲ)的影响

研究了合成钠水锰矿(δ-MnO2)对As(Ⅲ)的氧化作用并与商品MnO2的结果进行了比较,结果表明,δ-MnO2不仅对As(Ⅲ)有很强的氧化能力,而且对溶液中的砷也具有一定的吸附能力,而商品MnO2对As(Ⅲ)的氧化能力很弱.当有δ-MnO2存在时,针铁矿对As(Ⅲ)的去除效率提高,δ-MnO2的促进作用随体系pH的增加而增加,约在pH为6.0达最大,随后又逐渐减小,说明近中性条件下,δ-MnO2的促进作用最强.     

The coupling of sand with ZVI/oxidants achieved proportional and highly efficient removal of arsenic

• Simply doping sands with ZVI achieved an even activation of ZVI by oxidants. • Sand doping facilitated proportional As trapping along the ZVI/oxidants column. • ZVI/sand/oxidants are highly efficient for arsenic removal. • ZVI/sand/oxidants reduced significantly the Fe²⁺ leaching and effluent turbidity. • More than 54% of arsenic was reduced to As(III) in ZVI/sand/oxidants system. The coupling of zero-valent iron (ZVI) with common oxidants has recently achieved very rapid and highly efficient removal of Heavy metals from wastewater. However, the uniform activation of ZVI throughout the column and the proportional removal of target contaminants are urgently required for the prevention of premature filter clogging and the extension of the effective column operational time. In this study, we successfully achieved this objective by simply doping granular sand with ZVI at appropriate weight ratios. When pure ZVI packed column was spiked with oxidants, the majority of As trapping occurred between the column inlet and the first sampling point. In a packed column with a 1:20 mixture of ZVI and sand, the average As removal efficiency was 36 (1st), 13.1 (2nd), 18.5 (3rd), 19.2 (4th) and 5.9% (5th outlet). The overall arsenic removal performance of the composite filling system of ZVI/sand was equally as efficient as that of the previous pure ZVI-packed system. Moreover, the leaching of Fe was significantly reduced with an increased sand ratio, resulting in clearer water with less turbidity. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) demonstrated that more than 54% of the arsenic was reduced to As(III). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the extensive corrosion of the ZVI surface, which resulted in various species of iron oxyhydroxides responsible for the highly efficient sequester of arsenic through reduction, adsorption, and coprecipitation.     

Exposure of an anoxic and contaminated canal sediment: Mobility of metal(loid)s

A derelict canal contains an estimated 9800 tonnes of anoxic sediment with highly elevated concentrations of trace elements. Lack of maintenance, reduced water levels and vegetation colonization threaten the stability of pollutants by removing existing waterlogged reduced conditions. A column leaching study of the sediment under increasingly oxidized conditions showed reductions in As mobility but increased heavy metal concentrations. In a reduced state, As mobility was higher (as a consequence of enhanced Fe and organic carbon solubility) whilst heavy metal concentrations in leachates were lower (due to markedly higher pH). Over 10 contiguous wetting and drying cycles, the consequences were profound; all trace elements were continuously leached with enhanced flushing of Fe, As, Zn and Cu. This raises concern over possible mobilization of pollutants to the wider environment, including groundwater. Options for management to stabilize contaminants are discussed that point to the importance of limiting water flow through the sediment.