十六烷基三甲基氯化铵抑制小球藻生长的效应及作用机制

以普通小球藻为受试生物, 采用批量培养方法研究了阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)的抑藻效应,通过营养元素吸收、Zeta电位、酸性磷酸酶和亚显微结构的测定探讨了其作用机制. 结果表明, CTAC浓度在0.1～1 mg/L范围内随浓度升高对小球藻的抑制作用增强, 96 h抑制小球藻生长的半效应浓度(96 h-EC₅₀)为0.18 mg/L. 0.3 mg/L CTAC作用8 d后, 对小球藻生物量的抑制率为70.7%, 对氮和铁单位吸收量的抑制率分别为83.9%和86.2%, 藻细胞Zeta电位从-12.5 mV提高至-6.7 mV, 酸性磷酸酶相对活力降至23.1%, 藻细胞出现明显的质壁分离、蛋白核扭曲和溶酶体膨胀等现象. 根据实验结果分析, CTAC提高了藻细胞Zeta电位,抑制了小球藻对氮和铁的吸收, 影响磷的代谢并引起亚显微结构的改变.     

Cadmium bioaccumulation in three benthic fish species, Salaria basilisca, Zosterisessor ophiocephalus and Solea vulgaris collected from the Gulf of Gabes in Tunisia

To select a marine teleost fish which can be used as a bioindicator of cadmium (Cd) pollution in the Gulf of Gabes in Tunisia, Cd concentrations in liver and gill were compared in three benthic fish species including Salaria basilisca, Zosterisessor ophiocephalus and Solea vulgaris. Fish samples were collected from three selected sites in the Gulf of Gabes, with different degrees of Cd contamination: the industrialized coast of Sfax (S1), the coast of Douar Chatt (S2) and the coast of Luza (S3). The results shows that Cd concentrations in both sediment and water collected from S1 were significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than those from S2 and S3. For each species, Cd concentrations, in both liver and gill, showed the decreasing order: S1 > S2 > S3. The highest concentration of Cd was detected in the liver of S. basilisca, and only S. basilisca showed bioaccumulation factors (BAF) greater than 1 in all studied sites. In S1 and S2, BAF values respect the following order: S. basilisca > Z. ophiocephalus > S. vulgaris. These results of significant bioaccumulation of Cd, in terms of hepatic concentrations and bioaccumulation factors, indicated that S. basilisca can be used as bioindicator to evaluate the evolution of Cd pollution in the Gulf of Gabes.     

纳米二氧化钛胁迫对普生轮藻的毒性效应

纳米材料独特的理化性质使其得到了广泛的应用,但其可能带来的生物安全性问题也引起了广泛关注.实验研究了胁迫浓度梯度为0、0.01、0.10、1.0、10、100mg.L-1的纳米二氧化钛(nTiO2)悬浮液单一处理普生轮藻(CharavulgarisL.)的毒性效应,在胁迫24h、48h、72h、96h后分别测定其叶绿素a含量、脂质过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性.结果表明,随着胁迫浓度的增加和时间的延长,叶绿素a含量、SOD和CAT活性总体呈下降趋势,而MDA含量呈递增趋势,高浓度剂量组与对照组比较差异极显著,酶的活性降幅也较大,说明急性nTiO2暴露对普生轮藻具有毒性作用,且表现出剂量效应.     

A(sⅢ)和A(sⅤ)对小球藻(Chlorella sp).的生长影响研究

砷是广泛存在于自然界中最常见的毒性污染物,包括土壤,沉积物,水体,大气层,甚至生物体,毒性极强。环境中砷的污染严重威胁人类的健康,已被视为一个全球性的公共卫生问题。为了研究砷对小球藻的生长影响,文章通过实验室培养方式,选取了6个不同浓度的As(Ⅲ()0.5、1.0、2.0、5.0、10.0、20.0 mg/L)和As(Ⅴ()1.0、5.0、10.0、20.0、50.0、100.0 mg/L)的培养处理,以在680 nm下小球藻的吸光度(OD680)作为衡量因子,对小球藻Chlorella sp(.100 ai)在不同浓度砷离子的培养液中的细胞密度进行了试验,整个实验共进行了7 d。结果表明,As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)浓度分别在10.0 mg/L和20.0 mg/L以上时抑制100 ai细胞生长,导致其密度下降。用概率统计方法计算得到A(sⅢ)对100 ai的96 h半数有效抑制浓度EC50值为25.79 mg/L。参照藻类生长抑制评价标准,A(sⅢ)对100 ai的毒性比A(sⅤ)大。     

Cr6+和Cr3+对两种海洋生物的毒性敏感性比较

研究了两种不同价态的重金属铬对小球藻和发光细菌的毒性作用,比较了Cr6+和Cr3+的毒性大小及对两种海洋生物的敏感性。分别使用标准方法检测了Cr6+和Cr3+对小球藻和发光细菌的急性毒性效应。结果表明,Cr3+对小球藻的毒性在短期内比Cr6+大,但最终转变为Cr6+的毒性大于Cr3+,说明Cr6+较Cr3+稳定。Cr6+对发光细菌的毒性大于Cr3+,且Cr3+的其它典型抑制效应值之间的变化大于Cr6+的变化,说明发光细菌指示Cr3+较Cr6+敏感。Cr6+和Cr3+对发光细菌的毒性效应拟合效果较小球藻好,并且发光细菌测定周期短,因此可认为发光细菌更适合作为监测重金属铬的生物标志物。     

Rac-及S-异丙甲草胺对2种微藻毒性特征影响研究

应用急性毒性试验方法,在对映体水平上研究了除草剂Rac-及S-异丙甲草胺对斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)和普通核小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)的急性毒性特征及腐殖酸对除草剂毒性的影响.结果表明,Rac-及S-异丙甲草胺的急性毒性与浓度及暴露时间呈正相关,Rac-及S-异丙甲草胺对微藻细胞的急性毒性存在立体选择性差异.Rac-异丙甲草胺对普通核小球藻和斜生栅藻的EC50,96 h分别是S-异丙甲草胺的2.25和1.81倍,S-异丙甲草胺对微藻细胞的生态毒性较大,而斜生栅藻对Rac-及S-异丙甲草胺的敏感性更强,且Rac-及S-异丙甲草胺对斜生栅藻和普通核小球藻的急性毒性存在一定的线性相关性.腐殖酸的加入能够改变Rac-及S-异丙甲草胺对微藻细胞生态毒性,对S-异丙甲草胺的生态毒性的影响更为明显(P<0.05).     

普通小球藻与DBP的相互作用

实验结果表明,普通小球藻对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)有明显的富集作用,但生物降解作用并不显著,6d的藻富集率和藻降解率分别为42.0%和11.0%。富集量和富集系数在1h达最大,分别为 85.94mg/g.dwc和 4.83 104mL/g。在对实验结果分析的基础上,提出了普通小球藻对DBP的一级降解反应动力学方程:C=1.82e-0.0008t,用此方程计算 DBP浓度与实测值之间的平均相对偏差为1.51%。     

Algal purification of pretreated landfill Leachate

The efficiency of microalgae in removing various pollutants in landfill leachate after pretreatment by free stripping or air stripping was tested by a laboratory batch system. The results showed that Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus sp. had similar removal efficiencies with regard to ammoniacal‐nitrogen, oxidized‐nitrogen, orthophosphate and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The COD removal by algal treatment was better in Junk Bay (JB) leachate than in Gin Drinkers’ Bay (GDB) leachate (14–21% and 0.4–7% respectively). No significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in removing other nutrients including ammoniacal‐nitrogen, oxidized‐nitrogen and orthophosphate between leachate from the two landfills, regardless of the pretreatment used. The removal efficiencies of ammoniacal‐nitrogen and phosphorus were found to be higher in air‐stripped leachate than in free‐stripped one. Removal of ammoniacal‐nitrogen and phosphorus in air‐stripped leachate was 30% and 87% respectively. Poor removal of ammoniacal‐nitrogen was probably due to a deficiency in phosphorus (high N : P ratio) for algal growth in leachate. The two‐stage leachate treatment (ammonia stripping followed by algal purification) resulted in overall reduction of COD (38–51%), ammoniacal‐nitrogen (72–96%) and orthophosphate (79–96%).     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Octopus vulgaris from coastal waters of Alexandria (Eastern Mediterranean)

Heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined in various tissues (hepatopancreas, branchial hearts, salivary gland, gills, genital tract, mantle, arms and skin) of Octopus vulgaris collected from three different contaminated sites in front of Alexandria (Egypt) during 2000. All collected tissues displayed high enrichment factors when compared to ambient levels. Heavy metal concentrations in most tissues displayed significant differences among sites, sizes and sex. This study suggests that hepatopancreas, and to a lesser extent branchial hearts, are better indicators of chronic Cu, Fe, Zn and Cd contamination than edible tissues. The enrichment factor (EF) for heavy metals in the hepatopancreas and in edible tissues allowed discriminating our samples into three main groups; (1) EF?>?55 (Cu), (2) EF ranging from 15 to 7.5 (Fe, Cd and Zn) and (3) EF?相似文献   

水中安乃近高级氧化法去除及其产物的毒性评价

在实验室规模下,利用UV、H2O2、UV/H2O2、Fenton和UV/Fenton等高级氧化技术降解安乃近并对其降解产物进行毒性评价.在对各参数(pH值、H2O2投加量、Fe2+投加量、光照时间)优化的基础上,用TOC去除率和降解率对降解效果进行评价.安乃近及其光催化降解中间产物在水溶液中的毒性通过其对普通小球藻的生长抑制作用评价,并以96h的半数效应浓度(EC50)表示.结果表明,UV/Fenton对安乃近的降解率最大(96%),最佳降解条件为pH3,Fe2+、H2O2浓度分别为2,140mg/L.初期降解产物的生物毒性比母体化合物大,其EC50达到最小值(13.65mg/L),随降解时间的延长,EC50值逐渐增大,在180min为44.07mg/L,小球藻生长状况良好,表明含低浓度安乃近的水溶液经过UV/Fenton法处理后对水中生物已不具有危害作用.