SO2衍生物对C57BL/6小鼠肝脏T细胞亚群CD4+/CD8+的影响

为探讨二氧化硫(SO2)的肝脏免疫毒理效应,利用流式细胞仪(FACS)检测技术,分析了SO2体内代谢衍生物——亚硫酸钠(Na2SO3)与亚硫酸氢钠(NaHSO3)混合液(两者摩尔比为3:1)腹腔注射染毒对C57BL/6小鼠肝脏淋巴细胞T细胞亚群CD4+和CD8+的百分数以及CD4+/CD8+细胞比值的影响.实验组剂量分别为25、100、400mg
83;kg-1(body weight),染毒一周后,制备肝脏淋巴细胞悬液,经特异性荧光标记的CD4(FITC)、CD8(PE)单克隆抗体染色后,采用FACS流式细胞仪检测T淋巴细胞亚群百分数.研究发现:1)染毒后所有处理组肝脏CD4+T细胞所占的百分数显著升高(p<0.05);2)CD8+T细胞所占的百分数在100mg
83;kg-1、400mg
83;kg-1染毒组显著降低(p<0.05);3)CD4+/CD8+的比值在100mg
83;kg-1、400mg
83;kg-1染毒组显著升高(p<0.01).研究结果显示:SO2体内衍生物亚硫酸钠和亚硫酸氢钠可使肝脏CD4+/CD8+T细胞的比值显著升高,即SO2衍生物可使肝脏CD4和CD8淋巴细胞比例严重失调而使机体产生免疫紊乱.     

离子液体[C8mim]PF6对水生生物的毒性作用

运用评价化学品对水生生物毒性的标准试验方法,探讨离子液体1-辛基-3-甲基-咪唑六氟磷酸盐([C8mim]PF6)对普通小球藻、大型蚤和斑马鱼的毒性影响.结果表明,[C8mim]PF6在实验浓度下,对普通小球藻的生长和叶绿素a的产生均有抑制作用,浓度越高抑制作用越明显,且对叶绿素a含量的影响更为显著.高浓度组(200mg/L)可致死部分小球藻细胞;[C8mim]PF6对大型蚤的48h LC50为4.47mg/L,属于高毒性;[C8mim]PF6对斑马鱼的96h LC50为126.08mg/L,属于低毒性.[C8mim]PF6对这3种水生生物的抑制率/致死率(EC50/LC50)随时间呈规律性变化.[C8mim]PF6与藻类的亲和性及其亲脂特性可能是其对水生生物存在潜在毒性的2个主要原因.     

2016～2020年成都市控制PM2.5和O3-8h污染的健康效益评价

细颗物(PM_2.5)和臭氧是我国主要的大气污染物,严重危害人群健康.为评估成都市大气污染防治行动实施期间PM_2.5和臭氧对人群健康的影响,首先,利用流行病学中的广义相加模型和非线性分布滞后模型估算了2014～2016年成都市PM_2.5和臭氧最大8 h滑动平均(O_3-8h)浓度变化对居民疾病死亡影响的暴露-反应关系系数(β),在此基础上,采用环境风险和环境价值评估法估算2016～2020年成都市PM_2.5和O_3-8h浓度暴露水平变化的健康收益.结果表明：(1)2016～2020年成都市的ρ(PM_2.5)年均值呈逐年下降趋势,从63μg·m^-3降至40.92μg·m^-3,年均下降率约为10.14%;与之相反,ρ(O_3-8h)年均值从155μg·m^-3升至169μg·m^-3,年均增长率约为2.23%.(2)成都市PM_2.5...     

LnSrCoO4对CO和C3H8的氧化性能

采用聚乙二醇凝胶法制备LnSrCoO4(Ln=La,Sm)复合氧化物,考察了其对CO和C3H8的氧化反应活性,并运用XRD,BET,TEM和TPD等方法对其进行了表征．结果表明：该类复合氧化物具有四方K2NiF。结构,对CO和C3H8的氧化反应具有不同的催化活性,而LaSrCo04催化活性更好．     

烟花爆竹安全生产核心问题研究

烟花爆竹生产作为高危行业,具有很高的风险性和危险性。烟花爆竹安全事故频繁发生,重大事故也时有发生。为改变这种局面,降低烟花爆竹安全事故发生的机率及后果的严重性,本文根据我国当前烟花爆竹的生产和管理现状,对我国烟花爆竹安全生产的核心问题进行了研究,分析了烟花爆竹的危险性和事故发生的原因,结合黑龙江伊春"8.16"特别重大烟花爆竹爆炸事故调查的经历,从技术和管理两个层面提出了有针对性的安全保障措施和建议,对我国烟花爆竹行业的安全生产和监管提供指导和参考。     

Estimating the extinction date of the thylacine with mixed certainty data

The thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus), one of Australia's most characteristic megafauna, was the largest marsupial carnivore until hunting, and potentially disease, drove it to extinction in 1936. Although thylacines were restricted to Tasmania for 2 millennia prior to their extinction, recent so‐called plausible sightings on the Cape York Peninsula in northern Queensland have emerged, leading some to speculate the species may have persisted undetected. We compiled a data set that included physical evidence, expert‐validated sightings, and unconfirmed sightings up to the present day and implemented a range of extinction models (focusing on a Bayesian approach that incorporates all 3 types of data by modeling valid and invalid sightings as independent processes) to evaluate the likelihood of the thylacine's persistence. Although the last captive individual died in September 1936, our results suggested that the most likely extinction date would be 1940. Our other extinction models estimated the thylacine's extinction date between 1936 and 1943, and the most optimistic scenario indicated that the species did not persist beyond 1956. The search for the thylacine, much like similar efforts to rediscover other recently extinct charismatic taxa, is likely to be fruitless, especially given that persistence on Tasmania would have been no guarantee the species could reappear in regions that had been unoccupied for millennia. The search for the thylacine may become a rallying point for conservation and wildlife biology and could indirectly help fund and support critical research in understudied areas such as Cape York. However, our results suggest that attempts to rediscover the thylacine will be unsuccessful and that the continued survival of the thylacine is entirely implausible based on most current mathematical theories of extinction.     

Toward an integrative molecular approach to wildlife disease

Pathogens pose serious threats to human health, agricultural investment, and biodiversity conservation through the emergence of zoonoses, spillover to domestic livestock, and epizootic outbreaks. As such, wildlife managers are often tasked with mitigating the negative effects of disease. Yet, parasites form a major component of biodiversity that often persist. This is due to logistical challenges of implementing management strategies and to insufficient understanding of host–parasite dynamics. We advocate for an inclusive understanding of molecular diversity in driving parasite infection and variable host disease states in wildlife systems. More specifically, we examine the roles of genetic, epigenetic, and commensal microbial variation in disease pathogenesis. These include mechanisms underlying parasite virulence and host resistance and tolerance, and the development, regulation, and parasite subversion of immune pathways, among other processes. Case studies of devil facial tumor disease in Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) and chytridiomycosis in globally distributed amphibians exemplify the broad range of questions that can be addressed by examining different facets of molecular diversity. For particularly complex systems, integrative molecular analyses present a promising frontier that can provide critical insights necessary to elucidate disease dynamics operating across scales. These insights enable more accurate risk assessment, reconstruction of transmission pathways, discernment of optimal intervention strategies, and development of more effective and ecologically sound treatments that minimize damage to the host population and environment. Such measures are crucial when mitigating threats posed by wildlife disease to humans, domestic animals, and species of conservation concern.     

A role for selective contraception of individuals in conservation

Contraception has an established role in managing overabundant populations and preventing undesirable breeding in zoos. We propose that it can also be used strategically and selectively in conservation to increase the genetic and behavioral quality of the animals. In captive breeding programs, it is becoming increasingly important to maximize the retention of genetic diversity by managing the reproductive contribution of each individual and preventing genetically suboptimal breeding through the use of selective contraception. Reproductive suppression of selected individuals in conservation programs has further benefits of allowing animals to be housed as a group in extensive enclosures without interfering with breeding recommendations, which reduces adaptation to captivity and facilitates the expression of wild behaviors and social structures. Before selective contraception can be incorporated into a breeding program, the most suitable method of fertility control must be selected, and this can be influenced by factors such as species life history, age, ease of treatment, potential for reversibility, and desired management outcome for the individual or population. Contraception should then be implemented in the population following a step‐by‐step process. In this way, it can provide crucial, flexible control over breeding to promote the physical and genetic health and sustainability of a conservation dependent species held in captivity. For Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii), black‐flanked rock wallabies (Petrogale lateralis), and burrowing bettongs (Bettongia lesueur), contraception can benefit their conservation by maximizing genetic diversity and behavioral integrity in the captive breeding program, or, in the case of the wallabies and bettongs, by reducing populations to a sustainable size when they become locally overabundant. In these examples, contraceptive duration relative to reproductive life, reversibility, and predictability of the contraceptive agent being used are important to ensure the potential for individuals to reproduce following cessation of contraception, as exemplified by the wallabies when their population crashed and needed females to resume breeding.     

Illegal fishing and territorial user rights in Chile

Illegal fishing poses a major threat to conservation of marine resources worldwide. However, there is still limited empirical research that quantifies illegal catch levels. We used the randomized response technique to estimate the proportion of divers and the quantities of loco (Concholepas concholepas) they extracted illegally. Loco have been managed for the past 17 years through a territorial user rights for fisheries system (TURFs) in Chile. Illegal fishing of loco was widespread within the TURFs system. Official reported landings (i.e., legal landings) accounted for 14–30% of the total loco extraction. Our estimates suggest that ignoring the magnitude of illegal fishing and considering only official landing statistics may lead to false conclusions about the status and trends of a TURFs managed fishery. We found evidence of fisher associations authorizing their members to poach inside TURFs, highlighting the need to design TURFs systems so that government agencies and fishers’ incentives and objectives align through continuous adaptation. Government support for enforcement is a key element for the TURFs system to secure the rights that are in place.