电子束辐照降解水体中的金霉素

应用电子加速器辐照研究了去除水体中金霉素（30mg/L）的过程,初步探索了剂量、不同气氛条件下叔丁醇的存在、pH值、无机阴离子等对去除效率的影响.然后根据实验结果推测了降解机理和降解产物毒性.结果表明：电子束辐照能高效去除水体中的金霉素,且还原性粒子占主导作用;pH值为碱性时利于金霉素的去除;0.005mol/LCO₃^2-、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-或Cl^-的存在能促进其去除.根据超高效液相色谱-质谱（UHPLC-MS）对降解产物的分析,并结合理论计算推测出10种降解产物和相应的降解途径.之后的费氏弧菌毒理实验数据显示：降解后水样的生物毒性随着吸收剂量先增高后缓慢降低,但辐照5.0kGy后毒性依然较大.     

铜、毒死蜱单一与复合暴露对蚯蚓的毒性作用

土壤环境中重金属-农药复合污染已经对土壤生态和人类生存环境构成严重威胁.其中重金属铜和有机磷农药毒死蜱作为土壤环境中两类常见的污染物,其复合污染的环境效应值得关注.本文采用OECD标准滤纸接触法、人工土壤法研究了铜-毒死蜱单一及复合暴露对蚯蚓急性致死作用及回避行为的影响.结果表明,滤纸法和人工土壤法Cu对蚯蚓急性毒性的48h-LC50和14 d-LC50分别为2.23μg·cm-2和496.05 mg·kg-1;而毒死蜱对蚯蚓急性毒性的48 h-LC50和14 d-LC50分别为5.94μg·cm-2和186.07 mg·kg-1.滤纸法和人工土壤法铜、毒死蜱浓度单位配比1∶1时,铜、毒死蜱对蚯蚓急性毒性联合作用类型均近似表现为相加作用,而毒性单位配比1∶1的滤纸法和人工土壤法试验结果分别为协同作用和拮抗作用.回避行为试验结果表明,铜、毒死蜱对蚯蚓回避行为的联合作用类型为拮抗作用.     

聚苯乙烯微塑料对铜绿假单胞菌生物膜形成和结构变化的影响

微塑料在水环境中的污染情况日益严重,对水生生物的生长发育造成严重影响,而目前有关微塑料对生物膜形成影响机制的研究十分有限.为探究聚苯乙烯微塑料（PS-MPs）对铜绿假单胞菌生物膜形成发育的影响,选用不同浓度和粒径PS-MPs进行暴露试验,研究其对生物膜内生物量、氧化应激水平、生物膜结构和群体感应系统的影响.结果表明,PS-MPs诱导严重氧化应激反应并抑制生物膜形成和发育,粒径越小,产生的抑制作用越强烈,抑制效果表现为0.1 μm>0.5 μm≈1 μm>5 μm.PS-MPs通过与细胞接触造成严重物理损伤,形成的生物膜厚度显著减小且结构稳定性遭到破坏,膜内细菌通过分泌胞外聚合物来抵御PS-MPs的胁迫作用.PS-MPs进一步通过干扰铜绿假单胞菌群体感应系统,下调关键基因lasI、lasR、rhlI和rhlR的表达水平,抑制信号分子和相关毒力因子的合成与分泌,降低细菌对毒性作用的防御功能,最终影响生物膜形成和结构稳定性.     

Determination of Toxic Pollutants in Water Using A Marine Phytoplankton Dunaliella Bioculata and Doppler Laser Velocimetry

This paper reports an experimental study of the response of the unicellular flagellated algae Dunaliella bioculata to toxic pollutants in water using the 'Doppler laser velocimetry' method. the response to toxic pollutants was encouraging and indicates that Dunaliella bioculata is a good biological model for the detection of toxic pollutants in water.     

Removal of arsenic in tailings by soil flushing and the remediation process monitoring

In order to investigate the optimum conditions for the application of soil flushing of arsenic, a batch test was carried out using EDTA at various concentration and pH levels. Based on the optimum condition derived from the batch test, a column test was conducted to examine the feasibility of the soil-flushing technology under field-equivalent conditions. In this column test, a low flushing solution flow rate showed a significantly higher As removal efficiency (71.6%) than a high flow rate (56.3%). TCLP (toxicity characteristic leaching procedure) and a seed germination test were carried out to monitor the toxicity both during and after the treatment. The finally treated tailings were shown to be significantly remediated, having a reduced toxicity by both the TCLP and seed germination tests.     

Comparative Toxicities of Polar and Non-Polar Organic Fractions From Sediments Affected By the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska

Standardized tests were applied to aromatic and polar fractions of sediment extracts to determine whether polar constituents or oxidative degradation products contributed significantly to the toxicity of sediments oiled by the Exxon Valdez spill. Intertidal sediment and pore-water samples were collected in September 1990 from two heavily oiled sites and an unoiled site in Prince William Sound (PWS). Methylene chloride extracts from these samples were fractionated by liquid chromatography into aliphatic, aromatic and polar fractions, and the aromatic and polar fractions were tested for toxicity using the Microtox^R test, bivalve larval mortality and development (Mytilus); several measures of genotoxicity in Mytilus, including SOS Chromotest^R, anaphase aberrations and sister chromatid exchange; and survival, anaphase aberrations and teratogenicity in coho salmon (Onchorhynchus kisutch). Microtox^R and SOS Chromotest^R protocols were applied in a screening mode to all samples, whereas other tests were applied only to selected fractions from two sites. Samples from Bay of Isles (oiled) were consistently more toxic (usually only 2 to 5-fold) than the Mooselips Bay (unoiled) samples, which gave very low responses in all tests. for both sites, however, responses to polar and aromatic fractions were about the same in most tests, suggesting that while the overall toxicity of the oil was low in these samples, at least part of that toxicity was derived from polar constituents. Compared to the parent hydrocarbons, polar oxidation products partition preferentially into pore-water and are more rapidly diluted and dispersed in the water column. These results suggest that polar oxidation products of petroleum hydrocarbons pose little risk to marine organisms, except possibly for infauna continuously exposed to pore-water in heavily oiled sediments. Independent surveys showed that sediment toxicity in PWS declined during 1989-1991 to near background levels, in accord with previous understanding of oil weathering and toxicity.     

铝毒在不同作物上的差异及温度的影响

采用水培法研究了作物耐铝性差异及温度对作物铝毒的效应，结果表明，铝首先伤害根生长，抑制作物对养分的吸收和利用，其中对大麦和蕃茄的危害尤为明显，并导致出现缺素症。耐铝能力为水稻＞大豆＞大麦＞蕃茄，而它们的耐铝机理不完全相同。铝对作物的毒害因温度而异，作物在其最适生长温度范围内受铝伤害最明显。作物体内的铝含量有随铝处理浓度增高而增加的趋势，并明显受温度的影响。     

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF TAILINGS DISPERSAL FROM A URANIUM MINE USING TOXICITY TESTING PROTOCOLS1

ABSTRACT: Toxicity testing is a means of establishing the environmental risk of a uranium tailings release. It is valuable in designing tailings containment structures because it assists in setting acceptable levels of risk for the design. This paper presents details of toxicity tests of the tailings from Ranger Uranium Mine, Northern Territory, Australia. The results suggest that the non-radiological toxicity of the tailings is low. The environmental risk of a tailings release is more likely to be related to the physical impacts of the tailings, including infilling of billabongs and changes in the sedimentology of riparian ecosystems rather than their biogeochemical impact. Two major results were: (1) water from treatment with washed tailing fines were not toxic to Hydra viridissima, and (2) mixtures of washed tailings fines and natural floodplain sediment (overlying water or elutriates) were not toxic to Hydra viridissima or Moinodaphnia macleayi.     

城市污水再生处理工艺中发光细菌毒性变化的初步研究

保障再生水的生态安全是污水再生利用过程中非常关键的问题.本文采用发光细菌毒性测试方法测定了2个城市污水再生利用示范工程工艺流程中生物毒性的变化,尤其是可能生成有毒副产物的氯消毒过程中的毒性变化.结果表明,二级生物处理能显著降低污水的发光细菌毒性,但氯消毒显著提高了污水的毒性,并且脱氯后污水的毒性仍保持较高的水平,对生态安全造成了潜在威胁.同时,通过比较2种污水水质发现,DOC(溶解性有机碳含量)和UV254(254 nm处的紫外吸收值)较高的水样,消毒后的毒性较大,认为DOC和UV254可望作为预测污水消毒生态风险的水质指标,为污水消毒实践中确定安全合理的污水水质条件提供一定的依据.     

析因试验设计在环境污染物联合毒性研究中的应用

结合当前化学污染物联合毒性评价方法及析因试验应用现状,从试验设汁方法及统计学角度,论证析因试验在研究环境化学污染物联合毒性,特别是在2种化合物联合毒性研究中应用的优势及其可行性。