天山东部雪冰中硝酸根浓度对中亚生物质燃烧的响应研究

研究了天山东部雪冰中NO3-浓度对中亚哈萨克斯坦生物质燃烧的响应情况.在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川持续采集了52组表层雪与雪坑样本,分析了雪样中NO3-等成分的浓度,运用HYSPLIT模型模拟了空气轨迹,目的是考察雪冰中NO3-与2002年哈萨克斯坦草原大火的关系,探讨由生物质燃烧产生的NO3-在高海拔山岳冰川雪层中的沉...     

基于灾度的亚洲巨灾划分标准研究

分析了灾害的双重属性:自然属性和社会属性。灾度是灾害社会属性的定量描述,论述了灾度在灾害分级中的应用。提出了灾度计算模型,该模型的影响因子包括:死亡人数、直接经济损失和受灾人数。收集了1954-2010之间的亚洲灾害,并应用灾度计算模型对收集到的资料进行了计算与分析。提出了亚洲巨灾标准:灾度大于8的灾害为亚洲巨灾。该标准具有计算简便、易于对不同灾害进行比较的特点。     

基于TES数据的亚洲大气水汽中δD空间分布特征研究

基于TES反演的大气水汽及水汽中HDO数据,对亚洲大气水汽中δD在垂直和等压面上的分布特征进行了分析。在垂直方向上：多年平均显示δD值在对流层由低空向高空逐渐降低,最小值出现在80~100 hPa的对流层顶,进入平流层后则随高度升高而增加;约从500 hPa至对流层顶,等值线非常平直;在500 hPa以下的对流层中低层,等值线则存在着波动。在等压面上：δD值的多年平均纬向分布明显,表现出随纬度增加而减小;在低纬地区的同纬度,δD值由海洋向大陆递减。δD的季节差异则显示在中纬度地区的亚洲大陆,ΔδD为正值且自西向东正值的分布范围、大小均逐渐减小;在低纬和高纬地区,ΔδD值则均为负值;在同纬度地区,海洋上的ΔδD明显小于陆地。另外,发现平流层的等压面上,δD的多年平均、季节差异均表现出与对流层相反分布的特点     

Radiative forcing from household fuel burning in Asia

Household fuel use in developing countries, particularly as biomass and coal, is a major source of carbonaceous aerosols and other air pollutants affecting health and climate. Using state-of-the-art emission inventories, a global three-dimensional photochemical tracer/transport model of the troposphere, and a global radiative transfer model based on methods presented in the latest IPCC Assessment Report (2007-AR4), we estimate the radiative forcing (RF) attributable to household fuel combustion in Asia in terms of current global annual-mean RF and future global integrated RF for a one-year pulse of emissions (2000) over two time horizons (100 and 20 years). Despite the significant emissions of black carbon (BC) aerosols, these estimates indicate that shorter-lived (non-Kyoto) air pollutants from household fuel use in the region overall seem to exert a small net negative RF because of the strong influence of reflective aerosols. There are, however, major uncertainties in emission estimates for solid fuel burning, and about the sustainability of household fuel wood harvesting in Asia (the carbon neutrality of harvesting). In addition, there is still substantial uncertainty associated with the BC radiative forcing. As a result we find that the sign of the RF from household biomass burning in the region cannot be established. While recognizing the value of integrating climate change and air pollution policies, we are concerned that for a ‘Kyoto style’ post-Kyoto treaty (with global cap-and-trade and the Global Warming Potential as the metric) expanding the basket of components with a selection of short-lived species without also including the wider range of co-emitted species may lead to unintended consequences for global-scale climate. Additional measurement, modelling, and policy research is urgently needed to reduce the uncertainties so that the net impact on climate of emissions and mitigation measures in this sector can be accurately assessed.     

国际机制视角下的东北亚环境合作

摘要由于环境问题与区域地理因素、生态环境系统的紧密关系,从而使当今的环境问题跨越了主权国家的地理边界,渗透到整个区域甚至全球生态系统.环境合作有助于促进环境领域内国际机制的建设和发展,国际机制的功能性能够推动环境合作的不断深化,环境合作与国际机制之间的互动机理推动了环境合作机制的建构.共同利益、依赖路径、机制内容和机制效能是全面评估环境合作机制的四大基础要件.随着近些年来东北亚地区环境问题越来越突出,不断加强和持续深化环境领域合作成为域内各国的当务之急.东北亚环境合作机制是维护东北亚环境合作的重要工具之一,是推动东北亚环境合作发展的重要途径.目前东北亚环境合作不断走向务实,形成了多领域、多层次、多渠道的格局,环境领域的机制化建设逐步明显,但是东北亚环境合作机制建设仍然处于起步阶段,还需要长期有效的建设和完善.大力推进和不断深化东北亚环境合作机制建设,应当以域内各国在环境领域的共同利益为基础,顺畅环境合作方面的依赖路径,进一步完善地区环境合作机制的框架和内容并切实发挥其效能.     

Management Regimes,Property Rights,and Forest Biodiversity in Nepal and India

This article compares a range of initiatives aimed at involving people in the management of forest resources in Nepal and India. In Nepal, we focus on three categories of state-initiated programs: community forestry, the parks’ buffer zone program, and leasehold forestry. In the southern Indian state of Karnataka, we study the state-initiated Joint Forest Planning and Management program along with older institutions of leaf manure forests (Soppina betta) and historical sacred forests (Kans). We conclude that state-initiated approaches to involving communities have been limited, at best, promote standardized and relatively inflexible management practices, and lead to partial improvement in biodiversity and people’s livelihoods. When management is initiated and owned by the community, as in the case of sacred groves in India, and when other conditions are appropriate, communities can have the opportunity to demonstrate their capacity for putting effective and adaptive conservation practices in place.     

Aerosol characteristics and surface radiative forcing components during a dust outbreak in Gwangju, Republic of Korea

Atmospheric surface aerosol radiative forcing (SARF) ΔF, forcing efficiency ΔF_e and fractional forcing efficiency ΔFF_e evaluated from cloud-screened narrowband spectral and thermal-offset-corrected radiometric observations during the Asia dust outbreak episodes in Gwangju, Republic of Korea are reported in this study. Columnar aerosol optical properties (aerosol optical depth (AOD), τ _aλ, Angstrom exponent α, mass concentration of fine and coarse mode particles) were also reported for the station between January 2000 and May 2001 consisting of 211cloud-free days. Results indicate that majority of the AOD were within the range 0.25–0.45 while some high aerosol events in which AODs ≥ 0.6 were observed during the severe dust episodes. For example, AOD increases from annual average value of 0.34 ± 0.13 at 501 nm to values >0.60 during the major dust events of March 27–30 and April 7–9, 2000, respectively. The α _{501–870 nm} which is often used as a qualitative indicator of aerosol particle size had values ranging from 0.01 to 1.77. The diurnal forcing efficiency ΔDF_e at Gwangju was estimated to be −81.10 ± 5.14 W m ⁻²/τ _{501 nm} and −47.09 ± 2.20 W m ⁻²/τ _{501 nm} for the total solar broadband and visible band pass, respectively while the fractional diurnal forcing efficiency ΔFDF_e were −15.8 ± 0.64%/τ _{501 nm} and −22.87 ± 1.13%/τ _{501 nm} for the same band passes. Analyses of the 5-day air-mass back trajectories were further developed for Gwangju in order to classify the air-mass and types of aerosol reaching the site during the Asia dust episodes.