福州大气污染对太阳辐射等要素的影响

福州大气污染对太阳辐射等要素的影响陈千盛（福建省气候中心，福州３５０００１）池艳珍（福建省气象局）关键词太阳总辐射；散射辐射；能见度混浊度因子．建国以来，福州由于市区范围不断扩大及工业发展，人口和车辆与日俱增，空中尘埃量随之增多，空气日益恶浊．这种状...     

HPLC测定大气中的光气

报道了用０．２５％的苯胺溶液吸收大气中的光气，所形成的１，３－二苯基脲衍生物以高效液相色谱分析。方法回收率为９８．１％￣１００．８％，最低检出浓度为１．７×１０＾－４ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，线性范围为０．１￣３４０ｎｇ，相对标准偏差为１．２３％。     

Surface solar ultraviolet radiation: A theoretical approach of the SUVR reaching the ground in Athens, Greece

Daily total ozone observations made during 1985–1993 by both the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) flown on the Satellite Nimbus-7 and the Dobson Spectrophotometer have been used in order to investigate the fluctuations of the daily broad-band and spectral solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the ground. This investigation has been performed by employing a recently developed parametric algorithm for the estimation of the spectral and broad-band solar ultraviolet radiation which takes the total ozone variations into consideration. Total ozone reductions during the summertime from 1985 to 1993 over Athens, Greece (37.6° N, 23.4° E), cause an increase in the ultraviolet irradiance which reaches the ground of 0.54 %, 0.98 %, 2.60 % and 0.79 % per decade for the months of July at 300 nm, 312 nm, 320 nm and UVB (280-320 nm), respectively.     

大气中不同形态汞的采集和分析方法

作为一种环境优先污染物,汞对人体和其它生物毒性很大。大气是全球汞生物地球化学循环的重要场所。不同形态的汞由于理化性质不同,迁移转化过程及其对生态环境的影响也不同,准确测定大气环境中各种形态的汞对于了解其在大气中的行为具有重要意义。1990年以来,大气汞的采集和分析方法技术已经取得了长足进步,一些自动测汞仪、低汞空白和高时间分辨率的采样及分析技术相继出现,使得准确测定大气中不同形态的痕量汞成为可能。文章就国内外近10多年来在这些方面所取得的研究进展进行了回顾和总结,主要介绍了气态总汞、颗粒态汞、活性气态汞、甲基汞等的采集和分析方法。     

Modelling of light pollution in suburban areas using remotely sensed imagery and GIS

This paper describes a methodology for modelling light pollution using geographical information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) technology. The proposed approach attempts to address the issue of environmental assessment in sensitive suburban areas. The modern way of life in developing countries is conductive to environmental degradation in urban and suburban areas. One specific parameter for this degradation is light pollution due to intense artificial night lighting. This paper aims to assess this parameter for the Athens metropolitan area, using modern analytical and data capturing technologies. For this purpose, night-time satellite images and analogue maps have been used in order to create the spatial database of the GIS for the study area. Using GIS advanced analytical functionality, visibility analysis was implemented. The outputs for this analysis are a series of maps reflecting direct and indirect light pollution around the city of Athens. Direct light pollution corresponds to optical contact with artificial night light sources, while indirect light pollution corresponds to optical contact with the sky glow above the city. Additionally, the assessment of light pollution in different periods allows for dynamic evaluation of the phenomenon. The case study demonstrates high levels of light pollution in Athens suburban areas and its increase over the last decade.     

原子荧光法测定大气PM_(2.5)中重金属的条件试验研究

对原子荧光法测定大气PM2.5中汞、砷、硒等重金属元素的条件进行了研究。研究得出最佳采样滤膜材质为石英纤维滤膜;样品在前处理完成后还原剂硫脲的加入使测定方法更准确;对电热板消解法、沸水浴法和微波消解法3种前处理方法进行比较试验,得出沸水浴法同时测定汞、砷、硒等5种重金属元素加标回收率最好,为94.5%~105.0%。该方法精密度较高,相对标准偏差在1.43%~4.70%,同时具有设备成本低的优点。     

1954—2013年湖北省黄石市气溶胶光学厚度与降水关系研究

通过对地面观测资料进行均一性处理和反演,建立了湖北省黄石市近60年气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)的时间序列,采用气候趋势分析、相关分析等方法,研究了AOD与降水之间的关系.结果表明:近60年黄石市气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)总体上呈显著增加趋势,最大值出现在1991年.随着AOD值的显著增加,年平均降水发生日数显著减少,其中,小雨日数下降更明显,而中雨、大雨日数有增加趋势,暴雨日数的变化趋势不明显.小雨雨量随着AOD值的显著增加而减少,而中雨及以上等级降水量的变化趋势不明显.总之,近60年黄石市气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)的增加,对降水日数和降水量都有一定的影响,其相关性有待进一步研究.     

Aerosol scattering coefficients and major chemical compositions of fine particles observed at a rural site in the central Pearl River Delta, South China

During November-December 2010 aerosol scattering coefficients were monitored using a single-waved (525 nm) Nephelometer at a regional monitoring station in the central Pearl River Delta region and 24-hr fine particle (PM_2.5) samples were also collected during the period using quartz filters for the analysis of major chemical components including organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), sulfate, nitrate and ammonium. In average, these five components accounted for about 85% of PM_2.5 mass and contributed 42% (OC), 19% (SO₄^2-), 12% (NO₃^-), 8.4% (NH₄⁺) and 3.7% (EC), to PM_2.5 mass. A relatively higher mass scattering efficiency of 5.3 m²/g was obtained for fine particles based on the linear regression between scattering coefficients and PM_2.5 mass concentrations. Chemical extinction budget based on IMPROVE approach revealed that ammonium sulfate, particulate organic matter, ammonium nitrate and EC in average contributed about 32%, 28%, 20% and 6% to the light extinction coefficients, respectively.     

粤港细粒子(PM2.5)污染导致能见度下降与灰霾天气形成的研究

为了研究珠三角地区细粒子气溶胶的环境效应,使用粤港地区长期气象资料和珠三角大气成分站网高分辨率资料,结合卫星遥感AOD结果,分析了珠三角地区由于细粒子(PM2.5)污染导致能见度下降与形成灰霾天气的长期变化趋势.结果表明,近年来珠江三角洲地区的气溶胶污染日趋严重,气溶胶云一年四季都可以出现,且长期稳定存在,重污染区位于珠江口以西的珠江三角洲西侧.灰霾天气主要出现在10月至次年4月.灰霾导致能见度恶化.自20世纪80年代初开始,该地区的能见度急剧恶化,灰霾天气显著增加,其中有3次大的波动,分别代表珠江三角洲经济发展相伴随的粗颗粒气溶胶污染、硫酸盐+粗颗粒气溶胶污染、光化学过程的细粒子+硫酸盐和粗颗粒气溶胶的复合污染时期.雾和轻雾造成的低能见度的长期变化趋势,没有由于人类活动影响或经济发展影响带来趋势性变化,其波动主要反映了气候波动固有的年际和年代际变化.珠江三角洲能见度的恶化主要与细粒子关系比较大,PM10有一半年份的年均值超过国家二级标准的年均值限值(70μg·m-3),而PM2.5年均值全部年份都超过国家二级标准的年均值限值(35μg·m-3),尤其是有些年份的年均值浓度超过标准限值的2倍,细粒子浓度甚高.另外,近年PM2.5占PM10的比重非常高,可达51%～79%,黑碳气溶胶浓度非常高,月均值达到5.0～9.1μg·m-3.和20余年前的资料相比较,细粒子在气溶胶中的比重有明显增加.因而在目前粤港地区的气溶胶污染中,主要是细粒子的污染,尤其是黑碳气溶胶污染严重.     

烟气条件下疏散指示能见度实验及图像分析

开展了烟气条件下疏散指示能见度的初步研究.首先通过实验统计分析了观察者给出的烟气条件下疏散指示能见度等级变化规律,重点分析了疏散指示的亮度对能见度的作用,发现亮度是影响能见度的主要因素.这区别于无烟条件下疏散指示能见度的主要影响因素: 亮度、大小和颜色.然后对实验过程中采集到的图像进行分析,获得了疏散指示亮度信息的图像特征--对比度的变化,发现烟气条件下疏散指示图像的对比度变化信息较好地符合了观察者对疏散指示能见度等级评价的变化规律,且在烟气浓度变化缓慢的条件下可以细致评价疏散指示性能,故采用对比度信息来衡量烟气条件下疏散指示的安全性有更大的安全余量.结果表明,数字图像分析是量化烟气条件下疏散指示能见度的一种有效方法.