部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化串联工艺处理餐厨垃圾厌氧消化液研究

针对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化液高氨氮(NH_4~+-N)浓度、低C/N比的特点,采用部分亚硝化(Partial Nitrification,PN)-厌氧氨氧化(Anaerobic Ammonium O_xidation,ANAMMOX)串联工艺,进行餐厨垃圾厌氧消化液处理可行性分析。利用启动成功的ANAMMOX反应器进行潜能试验,结果表明,该反应器所能承受的最大进水NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N质量浓度及COD均为300 mg/L,由此确定亚硝化反应器进水NH_4~+-N质量浓度约为600 mg/L,COD为400 mg/L左右。在该进水条件下,调控亚硝化反应器温度为30℃,DO质量浓度为2~3 mg/L,进水pH=7.8~8.3,经过39 d成功启动亚硝化。进一步调控DO质量浓度在0.5~1.0 mg/L,成功实现部分亚硝化,出水NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N质量浓度比在0.90~1.27,并于第15 d与ANAMMOX反应器联立。串联工艺整体TN去除率为82.5%,且主要由ANAMMOX工艺承担。研究表明,该串联工艺基本实现了餐厨垃圾厌氧消化液联合生物脱氮。     

纯氧曝气用于市政污泥自热高温好氧消化的研究

将纯氧曝气自热高温好氧消化技术应用于市政污泥处理,并与传统的空气曝气系统进行对比,系统考察了纯氧曝气自热高温好氧消化反应器的运行性能。研究发现:在合理的纯氧曝气量下可以实现污泥的稳定化,纯氧曝气用于污泥自热高温好氧消化的氧气利用率高达82.7%,明显高于空气曝气的26.3%。该条件下的纯氧曝气量仅为空气曝气量的1/20,极大降低了由尾气排放所造成的热量损失,有利于系统的保温。然而纯氧曝气量太低,不能满足系统的需氧要求,太高则会造成系统中DO浓度过高,在高温环境下会抑制微生物的生长,这些都会最终降低污泥的稳定化效果。     

Anthropometric hand dimensions in a population of Iranian male workers in 2012

Background. The mismatch between the hand size of workers and the size of industrial instruments is a growing concern; it can lead to various musculoskeletal complications. Currently, there are few reliable studies available to address this concern in Iran. This study was conducted to measure 30 upper-extremity parameters in a group of Iranian industrial workers. Methods. This study is a cross-sectional study on 529 workers. The study population was randomly selected from male Iranian industrial workers who were referred to the Yazd hospital occupational medicine clinic for surveillance evaluations. Results. The M (SD) age of the participants was 30.13 (8.29) years. Statistical analysis was performed using the mean, standard deviation and 5th, 50th and 90th percentiles for each measured hand dimension. A considerable number of dimensions were significantly different between the measurements of right and left hands in each examinee. The results showed significant differences between Iranian hand size and that of other populations. Conclusion. This study provided a valuable databank of hand dimensions in a population of Iranian male workers. These data can be used by manufacturers in designing high-quality hand-tools and industrial gloves, taking into consideration Iranian worker characteristics.     

总氨氮在餐厨垃圾厌氧消化系统中的积累及其抑制作用

为研究总氨氮(TAN)在餐厨垃圾中温干式厌氧消化系统内的积累及抑制作用,在单相完全搅拌式(CSTR)反应器内进行餐厨垃圾中温厌氧消化,反应器在3 g·L-1·d-1(以VS计)的负荷下连续运行230余天,期间不断监测TAN及其余物化指标的变化.试验结果表明,TAN在系统内的积累呈现先快后慢的趋势,且不会持续积累,而是积累到一定程度后会保持稳定.游离氨(FAN)是氨抑制中起主导作用的因素,FAN大于150 mg·L-1时就会影响到系统效率;大于200 mg·L-1时会影响系统稳定性;大于300 mg·L-1后会产生强烈抑制,引发稳态型抑制,甚至导致系统出现泡沫.此外,氨抑制会影响系统产气动力学,导致产气速率降低,产气量减少.寻找合理的措施消除氨抑制对保障系统稳定运行具有重要意义.     

Modeling of real scale waste activated sludge anaerobic digestion process by Anaerobic Digestion Model 1 (ADM1)

In this study, real-scale wastewater treatment plant (Hurma WWTP) sludge anaerobic digestion process was modeled by Anaerobic Digestion Model (ADM1) with the purpose of generating the data to understand the process better by contributing to the prediction of the process operational conditions and process performance, which will be a base for future anaerobic sludge stabilization process investments.

Real-scale anaerobic sludge digestion process data was evaluated in terms of known process and state variables and also process yields. Average VS removal yield, methane production yield, and methane production rate values of the anaerobic sludge digestion unit were calculated as 46.4%, 0.49 m³CH₄/kg VS_removed, and 0.33 m³ CH₄/m³day, respectively. In this study, ADM1 was intended to predict the behavior of real-scale anaerobic digester processing sewage sludge under dynamic conditions. To estimate the variables of real-scale sludge anaerobic digestion process with high accuracy and to provide high model prediction performance, values of the four parameters (disintegration rate constant, carbohydrate hydrolysis rate constant, protein hydrolysis rate constant, and lipid hydrolysis rate constant) that have strong effects on structured ADM1 were estimated by using the parameter estimation module in Aquasim program and their values were found as 0.101, 10, 10, and 9.99, respectively. When the numbers of kinetic parameters with the processes included in ADM1 along with the dynamic and non-linear structure of the real scale anaerobic digestion were taken into consideration, model simulations were in good agreement with measured results of the biogas flow rate, methane flow rate, pH, total alkalinity, and volatile fatty acids.     

取样及样品前处理对制革废水中总铬的影响

通过利用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定制革企业不同工艺流程产生废水的总铬,考察不同量具及取样量、不同消解方法和样品保存期限对测定结果的影响。结果表明水样中悬浮物造成的取样不均匀性导致测定结果差异明显,不同消解方法测定制革废水总铬,检测数据具有可比性,固定剂的加入能够使得水样检测数据保持稳定。     

浸渍法提高石墨安全性能的研究*

为提高石墨电极的安全性能,采用浸渍法讨论不同活性组分负载的石墨样品在750 ℃环境下的抗氧化性能及影响机制。通过一系列单一活性组分筛选实验和复合活性组分筛选实验讨论活性组分对单位面积质量损失的影响,验证组分优选的可靠性;通过浓度变量实验,得到复合组分浸渍液的优化配比。根据石墨的微观结构和元素组分变化,提出活性组分抗氧化作用机理。结果表明:活性组分与石墨在高温作用下形成的络合物层能够有效延长石墨电极的使用寿命,提高生产安全水平。     

基于多故障冲击模型和故障树的PFDavg计算方法研究*

为提高安全仪表功能（SIF）要求时危险失效平均概率（PFDavg）计算结果的精确度,提出1种能准确计算SIF在多重共因失效影响下的PFDavg的数学模型。建立包含多重共因失效的系统失效故障树,然后利用多故障冲击模型区分普通失效率和多重共因失效率,根据瞬时不可用率的定义和故障树的逻辑关系计算出SIF的瞬时不可用率;基于PFDavg的定义,计算出SIF的PFDavg,以某化工企业SIF为例进行验证。结果表明:方法有效考虑了多重共因失效对SIF的影响,通过模型计算出SIF的PFDavg大于基于马尔可夫（Markov）方法的软件计算结果,但二者处于相同的数量级。模型在评估SIF的PFDavg时比传统方法偏保守,能提高安全仪表功能的安全性。     

城市生活有机垃圾各组分的厌氧消化产甲烷能力

通过生化产甲烷能力(BMP)测定实验确定了葡萄糖、大米、蔬菜、纸张、动物油、植物油和瘦肉等7种城市生活有机垃圾(BOFMSW)组分的生化产甲烷能力,并研究了抑制动物油、植物油和瘦肉厌氧消化过程的影响因素.实验结果表明,葡萄糖、大米、蔬菜和纸张在发酵过程中没有消化抑制发生,4种原料的生化产甲烷能力分别为241、210、147和244mL·g-1,相应地占理论产甲烷能力的64.5%、56.3%、32.6%和67.9%.瘦肉的厌氧消化过程停止产气后,消化液的总挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)浓度为15800mg·L-1,其中丙酸浓度为2509mg·L-1;消化液中氨氮浓度为13892mg.L-1;较高的VFAs和氨氮浓度共同作用形成消化过程的"抑制型稳态",抑制了产甲烷菌的产甲烷代谢,导致酸化率较高而生物气转化率却很低.猪油和花生油等脂类原料的厌氧消化,由于水解和酸化细菌受到长链脂肪酸(LCFAs)的抑制而影响了原料的降解和酸化,酸化率仅分别为11.5%和10.O%.     

Startup and operation of anaerobic EGSB reactor treating palm oil mill effluent

A bench-scale expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor was applied to the treatment of palm oil mill ettluent (POME).The reactor had been operated continuously at 35℃ for 514 d,with organic loading rate (OLR) increased from 1.45 to 17.5 kg COD/(m3·d).The results showed that the EGSB reactor had good performance in terms of COD removal on the one hand,high COD removal of 91% Was obtained at two days’ of hydraulic retention time (HRT),and the highest OLR of 17.5 kg COD/(m3·d).On the other hand,only 46% COD in raw POME Was transformed into biogas in which the methane content was about 70% (v/v).A 30-d intermittent experiment indicated that the maximum transformation potential of organic matter in raw POME into methane Was 56%.Volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation was observed in the later operation stage,and this Was settled by supplementing trace metal elements.On the whole,the system exhibited good stability in terms of acidity and alkalinity.Finally, the operational problems inherent in the laboratory scale experiment and the corresponding countermeasures were also discussed.