对虾暴发性流行病的病因及预防对策分析

本文报告了用电子显微镜对１９９３年对虾暴发性流行病的病原观察结果，确认带包膜的杆状病毒是造成虾病暴发流行的病原。借鉴东南亚各国养虾的经验教训，分析了这次虾病的流行原因是海水富营养化。并结合作者多年从事对虾病害研究工作的实践，讨论了预防对虾暴发性流行病的对策。     

新冠肺炎疫情对农村人居环境整治的影响

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19,简称“新冠肺炎”）疫情的发生,影响了我国经济水平较低、环境管控力度较薄弱的农村地区的发展.通过对新冠肺炎防疫过程与农村人居环境整治工作间的相互关系进行剖析,探究新冠肺炎疫情防控对农村人居环境整治的主要影响.结果表明,农村垃圾堆积、污水处理不当、厕所粪污无害化处理不达标以及基础设施建设不完善等农村人居环境薄弱环节,存在形成病毒传播扩散途径的风险.而交通运输限制虽然有效抑制了新冠肺炎疫情扩散,但也致使农村人居整治工作延滞.同时,新冠肺炎疫情的传播扩散在短期内限制了农民行为活动,降低了群众对农村人居环境整治工作的热情.据此,建议应健全农村人居环境整治制度,完善整治工程技术,从而在有效管控新冠肺炎疫情传播的同时,更好地推进农村人居环境整治,提高农民生活质量,为疫情过后恢复农民生活、农业生产以及农村发展打下坚实的基础.      

后疫情时期的经济复苏与绿色发展:对立还是共赢

后疫情时期的大规模经济刺激计划引发了人们对绿色发展可能让位于经济复苏的担忧。尽管“绿色复苏”得到国内外广泛的呼吁和支持,但绿色是否意味着经济的妥协?绿色复苏可能面临怎样的挑战?这些问题的考量,对我国科学部署经济发展战略、完善顶层政策设计至关重要。基于疫情暴发以来的出行大数据、防疫管控措施等最新信息,构建细化经济复苏过程的全球疫情自适应模型,量化模拟不同复苏方案对经济、就业的拉动效应和碳排放影响。研究发现:以发展清洁能源和数字经济为主的绿色复苏方案对经济体量的拉动效应等同,甚至超过以化石能源和重工业为主的传统经济刺激方案;但前者面临的劳动力转型挑战可能拖慢经济复苏的进程。“绿色复苏”方案对我国经济体量的拉动效应比传统刺激方案高0.3%~14.8%,创造就业岗位数量变化-4%~3%,但同时需要近1亿人(约为初始就业人口总量的13%)跨行业就业,其中受疫情影响较大的中、低技能劳动者占96%以上。跨行业就业门槛和劳动者技能瓶颈可能增加劳动力流转匹配的时间成本,甚至带来“结构性失业”问题和社会不平等加剧的次生伤害。认为:经济复苏与绿色发展本质上不是对立的单选题,而是存在共赢的可能性。对“绿色复苏”在经济、就业和环境三方面正向协同效益的边界条件应有清醒认识和把握,仅仅关注经济拉动效应和创造就业岗位总量的潜在效益而忽视实现该理论效益的现实条件,可能会造成对经济刺激方案选择的误判。加强劳动力市场的灵活性、推动社会公正转型是提升经济系统韧性、实现复苏与绿色共赢的前瞻性举措。     

Evidence of aircraft activity impact on local air quality: A study in the context of uncommon airport operation

Wuhan Tianhe International Airport (WUH) was suspended to contain the spread of COVID-19, while Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport (SHA) saw a tremendous flight reduction. Closure of a major international airport is extremely rare and thus represents a unique opportunity to straightforwardly observe the impact of airport emissions on local air quality. In this study, a series of statistical tools were applied to analyze the variations in air pollutant levels in the vicinity of WUH and SHA. The results of bivariate polar plots show that airport SHA and WUH are a major source of nitrogen oxides. NO_x, NO₂ and NO diminished by 55.8%, 44.1%, 76.9%, and 40.4%, 33.3% and 59.4% during the COVID-19 lockdown compared to those in the same period of 2018 and 2019, under a reduction in aircraft activities by 58.6% and 61.4%. The concentration of NO₂, SO₂ and PM_2.5 decreased by 77.3%, 8.2%, 29.5%, right after the closure of airport WUH on 23 January 2020. The average concentrations of NO, NO₂ and NO_x scatter plots at downwind of SHA after the lockdown were 78.0%, 47.9%, 57.4% and 62.3%, 34.8%, 41.8% lower than those during the same period in 2018 and 2019. However, a significant increase in O₃ levels by 50.0% and 25.9% at WUH and SHA was observed, respectively. These results evidently show decreased nitrogen oxides concentrations in the airport vicinity due to reduced aircraft activities, while amplified O₃ pollution due to a lower titration by NO under strong reduction in NO_x emissions.     

The Impact of BSE and FMD on Ethics and Democratic Process

The recent crises of BSE and FMD in the United Kingdom have revealed widespread concerns on the part of farmers and consumers about government regulations and handling of animal movements, animal welfare, and food safety. Both crises raised issues of government accountability and the lack of openness in public debate. The issues of democratic process and decision-making were especially strong in relation to the mass slaughter policy of the government to control FMD. This article explores public disquiet about these matters, as expressed through the reports of two public inquiries, and the perceived links between government decision-making and the needs of global agribusiness, to the detriment of family farms and animal welfare. In light of the growing evidence about the environmental and economic costs of agribusiness, the argument is made that strong programs of citizen action, such as the Devon Foot and Mouth Inquiry, that are grounded in an ethical stance on animal welfare can challenge the perspectives of central governments about concepts of cost, efficiency, and safety in agriculture.     

初议防疫-减灾综合体制

危害生命健康的自然灾害和疫病的发生,既有内因,也有外因;既有自然因素,也有社会因素,而根本上是由地球气圈、水圈、岩石圈、生物圈和人类社会圈等诸圈层的运动、变异和相互影响造成的.自然灾害和疫病各自具有独特的属性与表象特征,然而总体来看,无论是在时间分布与空间分布上,还是在灾因、病因上,两者又具有广泛的联系性.因此应以系统整体观为指导,研究自然灾害与疫病的发生、发展规律,并建立以保护资源、保护环境、减少各种致灾因素和推动防疫减灾系统工程为基础的社会防疫-减灾综合体制.为了维护国家安全,防疫与减灾要协调并进.     

气候异常与中国小麦白粉病灾害流行关系的研究

分析了厄尔尼诺事件与我国冬小麦白粉病发病面积的相关关系。结果表明：在厄尔尼诺出现的起始年，冬小麦白粉病发病面积相对较小；在厄尔诺起始年至下一个厄尔诺起始年前的前一年，冬小麦白粉病发病面积趋势逐年增大，并在下一个厄尔尼诺起始年前一年达到最大值；在连续出现厄尔尼诺的年份，冬小麦白粉病发生面积逐年降低。厄尔尼诺事件通过引发主要麦区的诱水、温度异常来影响小麦白粉病的流行程度。造成厄尔尼诺年我国小麦白粉病发病面向相对较低的原因，与厄尔尼诺起始年前的冬半年寒潮活动加强造成冬小麦冻害严重，大大降低了小麦白粉菌的越冬基数及春季干旱不利于小麦白粉菌的侵染有关。     

Parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy: new insights and management

In this article, we review the virology, pathology, epidemiology and clinical spectrum of intrauterine human parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection, including intrauterine fetal death, non-immune hydrops fetalis, thrombocytopenia and neurological manifestations such as pediatric stroke and perivascular calcifications. In addition, we discuss the new insights into the neurodevelopmental outcome of intrauterine B19V infection. Current diagnosis and management of B19V infection is summarized, including a diagnostic and follow-up flowchart for practical clinical use. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新冠肺炎疫情下的高校复课综合风险评估

为评估新冠肺炎疫情下的高校复课综合风险,辅助高校进行复课组织决策,探讨一种高校复课风险评估方法。首先,引入压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型,分析各要素互相影响机制,并建立高校复课新冠肺炎疫情综合风险评估指标体系;然后,利用风险的致灾因子与受灾体的脆弱性衡量疫情综合风险度,提出一种高校复课新冠疫情风险的评估方法;最后,以西安市某高校为例,验证风险评估模型的可行性和有效性。结果表明:本模型能准确评估高校复课新冠肺炎疫情综合风险;学校所在地疫情风险等级、人员管控措施、学校应急演练与评估开展状况分别是P、S、R系统的主要影响因素,应重点关注。     

太湖塑料添加剂时空分布和生态风险评价

为揭示新冠疫情背景下太湖塑料添加剂的时空分布和风险水平,研究了典型的双酚类、邻苯二甲酸酯类和苯并三唑类等塑料添加剂在太湖表层水体的赋存情况.对全太湖19个监测点位进行4个季度的监测,并评估其潜在的生态风险.结果表明,自2020年秋季至2021年夏季,双酚A（BPA）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-甲氧基）乙酯（DMEP）、邻苯二甲基丁基苄基酯（BBP）和苯并三唑（UV-328）在太湖表层水体中均有检出.DEP、 DMEP、 BBP、 BPA和UV-328的检出率分别为100%、 97%、 58%、 98%和7%.对比近年来的塑料添加剂污染水平可以发现,太湖的各类塑料添加剂污染水平并未随疫情背景下塑料制品用量的剧增而加重,反而因人类活动减缓而呈现下降趋势.太湖塑料添加剂检出浓度有明显的季度差异,春、夏季平均值高于秋、冬季,分别是104.7、 100.3、 30.7和29.9ng·L^-1.其在空间分布上也具有一定的差异性,主要表现为高浓度点位聚集在太湖西南沿岸.生态风险评估结果表明,太湖塑料添加剂的赋存对藻类存在低风险,比例达30%,秋、冬季风险性高于...