浅析工业园区生态系统承载力评价指标的建立及其应用

工业园区生态系统承载力的评价指标体系研究与应用分析,对实现工业园区整个生态系统的可持续发展有着实际意义。本文对工业园区生态系统承栽力的概念进行了界定,从支持与压力两个方面构建了工业园区生态系统承载力的评价指标体系,另外用承载率定量化评价方法对工业园区生态系统承载力进行了研究。最后从四个方面探讨了工业园区生态系统承载力如何应用于生态工业园区规划。     

小城镇环境承载力评价——以江苏省铜山县为例

在大量收集铜山县近几年统计资料的基础上,根据区域环境承载力指标体系的构建原则,从人口、自然资源、生态环境和社会经济状况等方面构建指标体系。共选取指标39个,其中发展类指标27个,限制类指标12个。按照指标体系的层次结构构造判断矩阵,采用层次分析法确定指标的权重。根据铜山县“十五”期间相关部门的统计数据和监测数据,以及生态县建设的相关指标,并结合各类指标的国际国内标准和江苏省的平均标准确定指标的现状值和指标阈值。采用环境承载力相对剩余率法计算2000年-2005年的环境承载力相对剩余率。结果表明,在这一期间,铜山县的综合环境承载力整体处于超载状态,其中人口控制、第三产业发展、矿产资源以及工业废水废气的治理等指标发展较好。不足之处体现在经济的发展还是建立在高能耗、高污染物排放的基础上,人均自然资源量偏低,高新技术产业占规模以上工业比重较低,科研教育以及环保投入尚不足等。随着环境治理投入的加大,综合环境承载力呈上升趋势,环境状况逐渐好转。根据评价结果,结合铜山县的发展现状,从优化产业结构、加强污染防治以及加强生态建设和法律法规建设等方面提出提高铜山县环境承载力的途径和对策。     

加强市级环境监测站能力建设的思考

分析了市级环境监测站面临的形势与存在的不足,提出以科学发展观为指导,正确处理环境监测能力建设中的4个关系,大力推进能力强站,加快人才培训和队伍建设,形成符合环境管理需要的工作能力、质量管理能力、科研能力、竞争能力和信息支持能力,开创环境监测全面发展的新局面。     

调水及梯级开发对汉江襄阳段水环境容量影响

汉江是襄阳市主城区唯一水源地和纳污水体,其水质状况对襄阳市和汉江中下游的社会经济发展和人民生活影响重大。对南水北调中线调水及汉江梯级崔家营建成后的汉江襄阳段环境容量进行了预测,为该区域的水污染物总量控制提供科学依据。结合汉江襄阳段的水质、水文条件以及排污状况,采用零维和二维水质模型相结合,对该江段的水环境容量进行了计算。结果表明:与现状相比,2015年汉江襄阳段主要污染物COD和NH1-N的水环境容量在多数江段呈下降的趋势,尤其是丰水期和平水期下降较为明显。     

Simulation planning of power supply capacity: an approach to optimal industrial microgrid operation with carbon emission permits

ABSTRACT

Microgrids integrated with distributed generation provide energy intensive enterprises (EIEs) with a solution to cut down their total system costs. However, unreasonable capacity allocation of power supply in industrial microgrid may result in capacity shortage or excess, thus leading to uneconomical solutions. Considering carbon emission permits and renewable energy access on demand side, this paper analyses and evaluates the long-term impacts of power supply capacity on economic benefits and carbon emission. The power suppliers consist of industrial self-generation, wind power generation and power grid. A HOMER software based industrial microgrid model is designed, and time series simulation of the model for a cycle of 10 years is performed to provide numerical analysis. The simulation results with sensitivity analysis show that optimal capacity planning of power supply can lead to considerable economical and ecological benefits under carbon emission permits; besides, it can also be conducive to peak load shedding for power grid.     

资源与环境综合承载力分析——以银川滨河新区总体规划为例

从自然、经济、社会环境承载力3个方面构建资源与环境承载力评价指标体系,利用层次分析法和相对比较法,确定指标体系的权重;利用模糊综合评价法和关联分析法,计算评价体系中各指标的承载力指数,最后,得出环境承载力指数,此外,对自然、经济和社会环境承载力之间的协调度进行分析。结果表明:伴随着区域发展模式的优化调整,银川滨河新区资源与环境承载力指数呈上升趋势,区域环境承载能力逐步增强,各承载力系统之间属于良好协调状态,自然、经济、社会环境系统呈良性循环的可持续发展态势。     

资源型重工业城市生态承载力评价

从城市生态承载力的三类变量之间的关系出发,构建城市生态承载力评价模型;并以资源型重工业城市抚顺市2000～2009年数据为基础,分析了该市的生态压力参数和生态弹性力参数的变化情况,评价了抚顺市的生态承载力水平。结果表明:抚顺市生态承载力变化分为3个阶段,平稳期(2000～2002年)、起伏期(2002～2007年)和递增期(2007～2009年);生态承载力水平由2000年的-0.311增长到2009年的-0.017,抚顺市一直处于重载状态,属于高耗损型,强不可持续发展模式,但有趋于可持续发展的趋势。     

How rational are investment decisions in the copper industry?

This paper examines ex-post 51 investment decisions made in regard to copper mines coming on stream from 1957 through 1999. It discusses two critical variables: investment timing and mine capacity choice. Using a 15% discount rate, results suggest that fewer than half of decisions were made at the right time – i.e., low price periods – confirming countercyclical investment as the optimal policy. In terms of capacity choice, the distortion is even higher, as 36 projects should have entered at least 40% larger or smaller. Realized investment decisions for timing and capacity choice would have caused a 49.1% loss over the NPV potentially achievable under optimal resolutions. Although the difference could be specifically attributed to copper price uncertainty, this paper discusses how investment evaluation methodologies could be contributing to firms not being fully rational (in the neoclassical sense) when investing.     

Z比分数在实验室能力验证检测中的运用

介绍了Z比分数的构成，评价标准和运用Z比分数时应注意的问题。通过实例运用，指出正确选择指定值和变动性度量是实验室能力验证达标的关键。     

Water scarcity: An alternative view and its implications for policy and capacity building

This article focuses on the somewhat ambiguous concept of scarce water, or, more accurately stated, on the rather more ambiguous concept of scarcity. Still today, water scarcity in a region is defined largely in physical terms, typically gallons or cubic metres per capita if a stock or per capita-year if a flow. However useful purely physical measures may be for broad comparisons, they cannot adequately reflect the variety of ways in which human beings use water — neither to their wastefulness when water is perceived as abundant nor to their ingenuity when it is not. This article argues that water scarcity should be defined according to three orders of scarcity that require, respectively, physical, economic and social adaptations. It goes on to demonstrate that perceiving scarcity mainly in physical terms limits opportunities for policy-making and approaches for capacity building.