NaCl胁迫对不同柑橘砧木品种抗氧化系统的影响

采用土培的方式,研究了不同浓度的NaC(l0,50,100,150,250,350mmol·L-1)对岑溪酸橘Citrus reticulata Blanco、龙州土柠檬Citrus limonia Osbeck和临桂砧板柚Citrus grandis Osbeck叶片抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性以及谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧自由基(O2·-)含量的影响。结果表明,随着NaCl处理浓度的增加,岑溪酸橘、龙州土柠檬和临桂砧板柚3种柑橘叶片中O2·-均有不同程度的增加,表明在NaCl处理下3种柑橘均受到了不同程度的O2·-胁迫。NaCl处理对岑溪酸橘和龙州土柠檬SOD、POD活性,临桂砧板柚MDA含量的影响不显著(P0.05),但引起临桂砧板柚SOD活性、岑溪酸橘和龙州土柠檬APX活性显著增加(P0.05)。在不同浓度的NaCl处理下,3种柑橘叶片的CAT活性均有不同程度的下降,但GSH的含量随着NaCl浓度的增加而增加,在NaCl处理浓度为350mmol·L-1时,岑溪酸橘、龙州土柠檬、临桂砧板柚GSH含量分别比对照提高了137%、59.1%、90.8%,表明GSH在解毒NaCl胁迫时起重要作用。     

桔皮水提液对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制效果研究

桔皮水提液能显著抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长,定性滤纸过滤,0.45 μm滤膜过滤和0.22 μm滤膜过滤及高温灭菌水提液的预处理操作对其抑藻效果无明显影响. 当桔皮（干质量）水提液投加质量浓度大于1.0 g/L时,培养10 d时对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制率可超过90%,抑制率随桔皮水提液投加质量浓度的升高而增大;当桔皮水提液的投加质量浓度低于0.1 g/L时,抑藻效果不明显. 在长期（40 d）培养试验中,投加低质量浓度（小于1.0 g/L）桔皮水提液的试验组中,铜绿微囊藻在培养后期生长迅速,某些试验组中出现促进铜绿微囊藻生长的现象;投加高质量浓度（大于1.0 g/L）桔皮水提液的试验组中,培养40 d内均保持接近于100%的抑制率. 透析袋分离试验表明,具有抑藻活性的物质存在于分子量小于3 500的组分中. 由试验结果可推测,桔皮水提液中含有某种或某些物质,可对铜绿微囊藻的生长产生抑制作用,且这些物质经121 ℃高温处理30 min后仍保持抑藻活性. 该抑藻物质易于自然降解,在长期培养过程中,其抑藻效果会逐渐消失.      

Citrus essential oils and their influence on the anaerobic digestion process: An overview

Citrus waste accounts for more than half of the whole fruit when processed for juice extraction. Among valorisation possibilities, anaerobic digestion for methane generation appears to be the most technically feasible and environmentally friendly alternative. However, citrus essential oils can inhibit this biological process. In this paper, the characteristics of citrus essential oils, as well as the mechanisms of their antimicrobial effects and potential adaptation mechanisms are reviewed. Previous studies of anaerobic digestion of citrus waste under different conditions are presented; however, some controversy exists regarding the limiting dosage of limonene for a stable process (24–192 mg of citrus essential oil per liter of digester and day). Successful strategies to avoid process inhibition by citrus essential oils are based either on recovery or removal of the limonene, by extraction or fungal pre-treatment respectively.     

稀土对沙田柚叶片营养和果实品质与产量的效应

试验结果表明，适量施用稀土可提高沙田柚树体对营养元素的吸收，促进养分平衡，从而可提高沙田柚座果率和产量，而且对柚果还有增糖降酸的效果。因此，适时适量施用稀土对提高沙田柚产量和品质均有积极的意义。     

金柚系列专用肥的中试示范效果

报导了金柚专用肥的中试示范及其效果。示范试验的调查结果表明，在金柚花芽分化期施用金柚专用肥的壮梢促花肥有明显促进柚树花芽分化、保花保果、提高产量的作用，在稳果壮果期施用金柚专用肥的稳果壮果肥可使柚果品质明显提高，从而提高果园的经济效益。     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

稀土尾砂堆积场地种植芙蓉李的试验研究

自１９８８至１９９４年，在查明稀土尾砂农业理化性质的基础上，采用不铺覆客土和不灌溉的方法，在江西省稀土尾砂堆积场地进行种植果树芙蓉李和温州蜜柑的试验。试验结果表明，芙蓉李能良好生长，增加农户收入和提高土壤肥力，改善了生态环境。     

Lime as the source of PCDD/F contamination in citrus pulp pellets from Brazil and status of the monitoring program

After an exhaustive investigation, in 1997 the source of the milk contamination in Germany was traced to citrus pulp pellets originating from Brazil. It has been shown that lime was the source of the PCDD/F contamination of these products. After this conclusion, a continuous monitoring program has been performed over a two year period and the results are presented in this paper. Standard isotope dilution techniques were used for all samples, which were analyzed by selected ion monitoring high resolution GC–MS.     

NaCl胁迫对不同柑橘砧木品种抗氧化系统的影响

采用土培的方式,研究了不同浓度的NaCl（0,50,100,150,250,350mmol·L-1）对岑溪酸橘Citrus reticulata Blanco、龙州土柠檬CitruslimoniaOsbeck和临桂砧板柚Citrus grandis Osbeck叶片抗氧化酶（SOD、POD、CAT、APX）活性以及谷胱甘肽（GSH）、丙二醛（MDA）、超氧自由基（02]含量的影响。结果表明,随着NaCI处理浓度的增加,岑溪酸橘、龙州土柠檬和临桂砧板柚3种柑橘叶片中02均有不同程度的增加,表明在NaCI处理下3种柑橘均受到了不同程度的O2-胁迫。NaCI处理对岑溪酸橘和龙州土柠檬SOD、POD活性,临桂砧板柚MDA含量的影响不显著C〉0．0S）,但引起临桂砧板柚SOD活性、岑溪酸橘和龙州土柠檬APX活性显著增加（P〈0．05）。在不同浓度的NaCI处理下,3种柑橘叶片的CAT活性均有不同程度的下降,但GSH的含量随着NaCl浓度的增加而增加,在NaCl处理浓度为350mmol·L-1时,岑溪酸橘、龙州土柠檬、临桂砧板柚GSH含量分别比对照提高了137％、59．1％、90．8％,表明GSH在解毒NaCl胁迫时起重要作用。     

A concept model to estimate the potential distribution of the Asiatic citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) in Australia under climate change—A means for assessing biosecurity risk

Increasing global temperatures as a result of climate change are widely considered inevitable for Australia. Despite this, the specific effects of climate change on Australian agriculture are little studied and the effects on agricultural pests and diseases are virtually unknown. In this paper we consider the impact of climate change on the Asiatic citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama [Hemiptera: Psyllidae]); one of two known vectors of huanglongbing (citrus greening); a debilitating disease which is caused in Asia by a phloem-limited bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (α-Proteobacteria). D. citri does not occur in Australia, but if introduced would pose a major threat to the viability of the Australian citrus industry and to native Citrus species. This paper presents an approach developed to understand how climate change may influence the behaviour, distribution and breeding potential of D. citri. Here we developed and describe an initial dynamic point model of D. citri biology in relation to its citrus host and applied it to a scenario of increasing temperatures, as indicators of climate change, on a continental scale. A comparison between model outputs for the three time frames considered (1990, 2030 and 2070) confirms that increasing temperatures projected under climate change will affect the timing and duration of new citrus growth (flush) necessary for psyllid development throughout Australia. Flushing will start progressively earlier as the temperature increases and be of shorter duration. There will also be a gradual southward expansion of shorter durations of the occurrence of flush. Increasing temperatures will impact on D. citri both directly through alteration of its temperature dependant development cycle and indirectly through the impact on the host flushing cycle. For the whole of Australia, a comparison between model outputs for the three scenarios considered indicates the seasonality of D. citri development will change to match changes in citrus flush initiation. Results indicate that the risk of establishment by D. citri is projected to decrease under increasing temperatures, mainly due to shortened intervals when it can feed on new leaf flushes of the host. However, the spatially heterogeneous results also suggest that regions located on the southern coastline of Australia could become more suitable for D. citri than projected under current temperatures. These results confirm the value of a linked host-pest approach as based on D. citri climatic requirements alone the model would have accounted only for shorter development periods and predicted an increased risk of potential distribution.