环境分子诊断技术在污染场地环境管理中的应用进展

环境分子诊断技术(EMDSs)是有机单体同位素分析和各种分子生物学技术的总称,将其应用于污染场地特征识别、修复方案可行性评估、监测和修复终止等污染场地环境管理过程中,探明土壤和地下水中污染物生物和非生物降解过程、降解速率及机制,确定不同污染来源,可弥补传统污染场地环境管理方法的不足,具有广阔的发展前景。文章综述了污染场地环境管理过程及传统方法的不足,介绍了有机单体同位素分析和各种分子生物学技术的基本原理和用途,并对各种技术的特点进行阐述和对比;介绍了EMDSs在污染场地环境管理中的实际应用,提出了EMDSs的发展趋势。     

基于IAHP的南海深水井喷快速应急技术优选

为支持深水井喷事故救援决策,有必要开展井喷快速应急技术优选。基于区间层次分析法(IAHP)构建了具有4个一级准则和12个二级准则的深水井喷快速应急技术优选模型。首先得到准则层优先级顺序,即在选用井喷应急技术时,一级准则依次考虑控油能力、作业实施速度、设计制造速度、恶劣环境适应能力等因素;二级准则依次考虑装置控油机理、设计速度、安装作业速度、水合物抑制能力等因子。最后面向南海深水井喷风险,根据优选模型与应急技术特征参数,得到方案层的8种应急技术优选顺序,给出的南海深水井喷控制方案可用于应急预案编制及事故现场应急处置。     

石化行业炼油恶臭污染源治理技术评估

运用环保技术评估体系,提出石油炼制过程中典型恶臭污染源治理技术评价指标体系,并对已应用的治理技术进行全面评估,从而筛选出炼油污水处理场废气、酸性水罐罐顶气、冷焦水罐/油品中间罐/污油罐罐顶气、氧化脱硫醇尾气和油品装卸挥发气的最佳可行技术.     

大气颗粒态有机硝酸酯的转化机制、测量技术及应用

大气中的颗粒态有机硝酸酯是连接挥发性有机物（VOCs）、氮氧化物（NO_x）、二次有机气溶胶（SOA）及臭氧的关键物质,总结了近10年国内外对颗粒态有机硝酸酯来源、形成机制、测量分析方法、浓度水平等方面的研究,描述了现有大气化学框架下有机硝酸酯的大气转化机制,梳理了测量有机硝酸酯的离线、在线方法及其优缺点,总结了应用不同测量技术对环境大气中颗粒态有机硝酸酯的实测结果,提出了当前有机硝酸酯研究在测量技术、机理研究和观测尺度等方面的薄弱环节,并对其未来研究方向进行了展望.     

Assessment of emerging and innovative techniques considering best available technique performances

For the past 20 years, the European context has been policy-driven by several directives to reduce pollution, one of the most important for industries being the industrial emissions directive (IED). The IED's objective is to minimise pollution from various industrial sources throughout the European Union. One means of attaining the objective is to implement techniques which have at least the same performance as reference techniques called best available techniques (BAT) given at European level. The study of existing methodologies on performance assessment of proven or emerging techniques has made it apparent that there are none taking into account the 12 criteria proposed by the Annex III of the IED to evaluate technique performances. Even if innovative techniques are not considered by the IED, support to (public or private) researchers in their development in terms of assessment methodology must be proposed. This is what we present in this article.The methodology based on a tree-structured information system (objectives, criteria, indicators) and a qualitative assessment of indicators (environmental, technical, economic and social) is an initial approach to an innovative technique assessment method considering BAT on laboratory or industrial scales. In an aim to adapt the criteria and indicators to a specific process, assessment methodologies must be adaptable. Our method allows for choosing indicators to comply perfectly with the process studied. Only the first level of the tree is fixed. The other branches could be adapted to the case studied. Performance assessment is based on a five-level scale coupled with a simple multi-criteria analysis (MCA) method. Three different applications (sludge valorisation, urban wastewater treatment, soil remediation) were carried out to validate the methodology, two of them are presented. Applications of this methodology show its usefulness in the validation of techniques for specific process and local application of the BAT concept and the performance assessment regarding BAT definition. It can then be used to detect innovative and emerging techniques to be proposed for the reviewing of the European BREF documents.     

大气气溶胶碳质组分在线分析仪的研制和应用

大气气溶胶碳质组分主要包括有机碳(Organic Carbon,OC)和元素碳(Elemental Carbon,EC),是大气细粒子的重要组成部分,对大气环境及人体健康具有非常重要的意义.针对目前商品化碳质气溶胶在线分析仪存在的一些问题,研制出大气气溶胶碳质组分在线分析仪(PKUOCEC),实现了对OC和EC的小时浓度测量.仪器同时采用热分解-光学透射(Thermo Optical Transmission,TOT)法和热分解-光学反射(Thermo Optical Reflection,TOR)法分离OC和EC,检测限为0.29μg·m-3(以C计)(采样时间40 min,采样流量8 L·min-1),测量范围最大值为211.50μg·m-3(以C计),可以满足不同环境的大气观测要求.于2016年1月23—31日采用该仪器对北京怀柔大气进行监测,并与商品化在线碳质气溶胶分析仪(RT-4 OCEC,Sunset Lab Inc.)和多角度吸收光度计(5012 MAAP,Thermo Scientific)进行比对.结果显示,PKU-OCEC测得的TC(Total Carbon,TC=OC+EC)和OC浓度均与Sunset-OCEC对应结果显著相关(TC:r=0.986,OC:r=0.984;p0.01),说明两台仪器测量结果具有很好的一致性;Sunset-OCEC测得的EC数据有39.39%低于0.013μg·m-3(以C计),剔除该部分异常值后,其测得的EC数据与PKU-OCEC数据的线性拟合方程由CEC_Sunset=0.9278×CEC_PKU!0.0704(TOT法)和CEC_Sunset=0.9476×CEC_PKU!0.2665(TOR法)变为CE C_Sunset=0.6810×CEC_PKU+1.2842(TOT法)和CEC_Sunset=0.7035×CEC_PKU+1.1179(TOR法),新的方程产生较大正截距,说明Sunset-OCEC的检测限偏高;PKUOCEC测得的EC数据与MAAP测得的BC数据显著相关,其线性拟合度(R2=0.8868(TOT法)、R2=0.8614(TOR法))大于Sunset-OCEC与MAAP的拟合度(R2=0.8047);PKU-OCEC分析仪TOT法和TOR法测得的OC浓度相当(COC_TOR=0.9963×COC_TOT,R2=0.9959).综合结果表明,PKU-OCEC分析仪测量数据可靠,运行稳定且操作简便,可以用于各种环境条件下的大气监测.     

数字图像相关技术在高温热膨胀系数测量中的应用

目的测量热结构材料在高温环境下的热膨胀系数,方法将数字图像相关(DIC)技术和通电加热技术相结合,建立高温热变形测量系统。该系统使用CCD相机采集不同温度下试样的表面图像,经DIC方法分析处理得到被测材料随温度升高产生的变形和应变,进一步计算得到相应温度下的热膨胀系数。测量紫铜、石墨分别在600~800℃,600~1200℃范围内的热膨胀系数,并与文献数据进行比较。结果使用该实验系统测量得到了紫铜和石墨分别在600~800℃,600~1200℃范围内的热膨胀系数,与文献参考值吻合较好。结论该测量方法可精确得到导电材料的热应变及热膨胀系数,测量温度上限可达1200℃。     

关于有机废物类生物质能历史定位及其能源价值评估指标探讨

中国是煤炭消耗的第一大国,同时又是有机废物生物质贮存量第一大国。本文叙述了全球生物质能的历史定位,生物质能的主要评价指标,生物质的能源转换技术和生物质能可供给量模型分析与预测实例,以及我国有机废物类生物质能源化利用途径,并探讨了有机废物的能源利用与废物污染防治相结合的生物质能源发展道路。     

Estimates of soil erosion using cesium-137 tracer models

The soil erosion was studied by ¹³⁷Cs technique in Yatagan basin in Western Turkey, where there exist intensive agricultural activities. This region is subject to serious soil loss problems and yet there is not any erosion data towards soil management and control guidelines. During the soil survey studies, the soil profiles were examined carefully to select the reference points. The soil samples were collected from the slope facets in three different study areas (Kırtas, Peynirli and Kayısalan Hills). Three different models were applied for erosion rate calculations in undisturbed and cultivated sites. The profile distribution model (PDM) was used for undisturbed soils, while proportional model (PM) and simplified mass balance model (SMBM) were used for cultivated soils. The mean annual erosion rates found using PDM in undisturbed soils were 15 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ at the Peynirli Hill and 27 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ at the Kırtas Hill. With the PM and SMBM in cultivated soils at Kayışalan, the mean annual erosion rates were obtained to be 65 and 116 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. The results of ¹³⁷Cs technique were compared with the results of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE).