赶不上定理及其循环经济理论意义

阐释了在一个正常发展的长时期的宏观经济体系中人均物质消费量永远上升的观点,研究了人均GDP增长速度和物质利用强度变化速度之间的数量关系,根据二者变化速度相对快慢提出和证明了保证人均物质消费量上升的充分必要条件即赶不上定理.利用赶不上定理,论述了循环经济是解决人类经济增长的无限性与自然资源有限性之间的矛盾的根本途径,当人均GDP增长速度为零时进行结构调整必然降低人均物质消费量,引发社会不安定现象;当人均GDP增长速度足够快时,可以大幅度进行结构调整而不降低人均物质消费量.     

人体温度的调节及冬季防寒服装穿着分析

为了研究在寒冷气候下人身体各部位应如何保持温暖,本文对人体的温度调节、产生热量、散发热量进行了介绍,对各部位的防寒服装进行了功能分析,并提出了各部位服装的穿着建议。     

Determination of chlorothalonil residues in coffee

Coffee beans were treated with the fungicide chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6‐tetrachloro‐1,3‐benzene‐dicarbonitrile) and the residues were determined by high‐performance liquid Chromatograph (HPLC). Several techniques including Soxhlet extraction (SE), microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) were compared for the extraction of residues. A column clean‐up procedure was developed to remove the co‐extractives in the extract before HPLC analysis. The overall mean recoveries from extracts obtained by SE, MAE and ASE were 89.2 ±3.9, 88.4 ±1.9 and 82.8 ±0.3, respectively. The results show that MAE followed by HPLC is a viable alternative to the commonly used SE and gas Chromatographic analysis for the determination of chlorothalonil in coffee.     

稻田流失养分循环利用系统构建研究初探

针对长江三角洲经济发达地区集约化农田化肥投入超量、稻区水体N、P、K富集度超高,农田生态环境遭到严重破坏等现状,该文系统研究了农田流失养分从农田到水体,再由水体回到农田的循环利用过程,并构建农田养分流失循环利用系统工程,为我国农田流失养分循环利用和农业生态环境健康提供科技支撑。研究结果表明：本区域农田面积为18.6 hm2,水稻季农田化肥N、P、K投入量分别为305.7、44.9、150.8 kg·hm-2;整个水稻季本区域农田地表径流量为4 518.0 kg·hm-2,其中N、P、K流失量分别为16.6、0.5、9.6 kg·hm-2,占水稻季N、P、K肥投入量的5.45%、1.07%和6.37%;农田周围净化池塘中水生植物的N、P、K拦截量分别为67.8、8.1、99.7 kg,分别占本研究区域N、P、K流入量的21.84%、90.31%和55.73%。将水生植物还田,晒干水葫芦（Halerpestes cymbalaria）按4 500 kg·hm-2农田施用,可分别减少农田化肥N、P、K的投入量106.2、9.5、105.8 kg·hm-2。该研究成果对于减轻农业生产面源污染,推进农业生产可持续发展具有积极意义。     

Sedimentary Causes and Management of Two Principal Environmental Problems in the Lower Yellow River

Flood and water shortage are two of the leading environmental problems around the world, and among the causes of the problems is sedimentation. The Yellow River brought disastrous floods in its lower reaches in Chinese history. Today, although floods caused by the river are still a formidable hazard hanging over China, it cannot provide the lower reaches with enough usable water. The ineradicable flood hazard and newly emerged water shortage problems of the river are proved to be closely associated with its immense sediment load. The over loaded flow of the river can quickly fill the reservoirs and unceasingly raise the riverbed, attenuating the capacity of reservoirs to suppress floods and provide more water for dry seasons and of river channels to convey floods. Also, the high sediment content pollutes the water and reduces the volume of usable water. In virtue of the intimate linkage between these problems and the formidable sediment load in the river, the solution to these problems should be based on sedimentation management. After reviewing the defects and merits of management measures implemented and proposed, a management scenario composed of multiple measures are recommended. Beside of persistent soil conservation to reduce the huge sediment load, more reservoirs to check sediment and regulate river flows, approaches to alleviating riverbed accretion, interbasin water transfer to mitigate water deficiency, and so on, an emphasis should be laid on use of muddy flows in order to scatter the sediment in a vast area, which was a natural process but has been interrupted by construction of embankments.     

矿业城市的发展研究与对策——以昆明市东川区为例

东川是依托矿产资源开发利用而兴建起来的城市，其经济结构属于典型的矿业依赖性经济，随着铜资源的耗竭，经济发展停滞，城市散失可持续发展能力。矿业城市的经济发展，关键是将单一的矿业经济转化为矿产业与非矿产业并举的多元型经济结构。现以云南省昆明市东川区为例，对其发展特征进行分析，揭示矿业城市的发展对策，为此类城市的发展提供思路。     

大冶铁矿电力机车高压安全保护装置的改进

武钢大冶铁矿运输车间使用的是ZG150-1500型工矿电力机车,该电力机车原有1套高压保护装置,但是设计上局限于受电弓升落的控制,忽视了受电弓不能正常复位情况下的防触电保护功能,运输车间技术人员进行攻关,改进电力机车高压安全保护装置,增设高压接地保护设施,杜绝了电力机车高压触电事故发生,取得较好效果.     

Use of vegetable oil in water emulsion achieved through ultrasonic atomization as cutting fluids in micro-milling

Significant amount of work is reported on development of vegetable oil based metalworking fluids (MWFs). Many also report on development and performance evaluation of vegetable based oils. For many of these water-based MWFs with vegetable oils, much effort is focused on stable emulsification of vegetable oil in water using a variety of surfactants. It has been found that surfactant-free stable emulsification of oil in water is possible through ultrasonic vibration. However, emulsification through ultrasonic atomization has not yet been considered, and the feasibility of emulsified metalworking fluids through ultrasonic atomization has not been investigated. In this paper, stable emulsification of vegetable oil in water has been achieved through ultrasonic atomization without using any surfactant. The emulsified vegetable oil in water is directly used to investigate its effectiveness as MWF in milling operations. Lower cutting forces, chip thickness, and burr amount are observed with vegetable oil-in-water emulsion compared to conventional MWF. The experimental results show strong potential for vegetable oil-in-water emulsion obtained through ultrasonic atomization as an effective MWF.     

堆肥-生物强化对重度石油污染土壤的修复作用

为解决微生物强化修复油污土壤过程中降解菌在低温环境下活性较低的问题,利用有机堆肥作为固体培养基对降解菌进行扩大培养,将获得的降解菌-堆肥制剂施入油污土壤中进行修复研究.利用重量法和GC-MS分析土壤中石油烃含量变化,利用Illumina Mi Seq对土壤微生物群落结构进行分析.结果表明,利用堆肥作为固体基质可对降解菌进行扩大培养.低温环境下利用堆肥-降解菌制剂对油污土壤修复30 d,土壤中石油烃、烷烃、多环芳烃去除率分别为27.0%、19.6%、10.0%;自然放置的土壤中3种烃去除率分别为4.5%、9.5%、2.3%.加入降解菌-堆肥制剂进行修复的土壤香农指数和Ace指数分别由4.42和1718.5增加为5.30和2170.5;土壤中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria)所占丰度由53.4%和25.9%分别降低至48.9%和14.1%,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)所占丰度由5.0%增加至24.5%.属水平上,不动细菌属(Acinetobacter)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)所占丰度由0.02%和3.4%分别提高至15.2%和4.6%.研究结果表明,在低温条件下向石油污染土壤中施入降解菌-堆肥制剂可提高土壤中的石油烃去除率,并使土壤微生物群落结构发生明显变化.     

振动试验功率谱密度曲线低频上翘的分析

分析了振动试验中功率谱密度曲线出现低频上翘现象的原因,并用Matlab仿真方法进行分析验证,证实了信号中极低频成分或高量级低频脉冲信号成分与分析方法的联合作用是导致出现低频上翘现象的原因。提出了振动试验中低频上翘情况的处理方法和应对措施。