油田除垢清洗技术研究进展与对比分析＊

文章就目前油田除垢清洗技术进展进行介绍,在参阅国内外相关文献的基础上,分别阐述了高压水射流、电脉冲、空穴射流、PIG物理清洗、物理化学清洗和油管电磁加热清洗等除垢清洗技术的工作原理,较详细地分析了各自的优势。研究对实际油田选择除垢清洗技术有一定指导意义。     

Post-conflict health reconstruction: search for a policy

Despite increasing experience in health reconstruction in societies emerging from conflict, the policy basis for investing in the development of equitable and effective health systems in the wake of war remains unsettled. Consideration of post-conflict health reconstruction is almost entirely absent in donor policies on global health. Practically by default, health programmes are seen increasingly as an element of stabilisation and security interventions in the aftermath of armed conflict. That perspective, however, lacks an evidence base and can skew health programmes towards short-term security and stabilisation goals that have a marginal impact and violate the principles of equity, non-discrimination, and quality, which are central to sound health systems and public acceptance of them. A better approach is to ground policy in legitimacy, viewing health both as a core social institution and one that, if developed according to human rights principles, including equity, non-discrimination, participation and accountability, can advance the effectiveness and the quality of governance in the emerging state.     

管壳式循环水冷却器管束内漏的控制

管壳式换热器广泛应用于石油化工等装置,而管柬内漏的风险却一直困扰着装置的长周期运行。针对循环水冷却器管束内漏,结合制造与修理及相关文献的案例,从设计、制造及使用等控制环节对固定管板式、浮头式及u形管式等管柬的内漏进行了分析,为防止管束内漏的风险需要设计、制造及使用共同控制,并给出了合理的建议。     

受污染土壤的微生物修复

污染土壤的微生物修复技术是一项非常有应用前景的环保新技术,它既经济又无二次污染,具有其它修复技术难以比拟的优势。本文介绍了中国土壤中重金属、农药、烃类污染的现状与危害,总结了土壤污染的微生物修复技术的研究现状,重点介绍了能够降解污染物的微生物,并从土壤微生物与污染物质的相互作用入手,较为系统地综合评述了国内外污染土壤的微生物修复原理与技术。同时,结合当前土壤污染的新特点对微生物修复技术进行预测和展望．指出了需要进一步研究的领域。     

铁路工程设计践行绿色发展的实践

设计是铁路工程绿色发展的关键环节之一,以某铁路工程为例,在阐述工程概况和主要问题的基础上,从线路纵断面、辅助坑道、隧道弃渣综合利用、弃土(渣)场数量及取土场数量等方面进行优化设计,并对优化效果进行分析。     

Recycling of electronic displays: Analysis of pre-processing and potential ecodesign improvements

This article analyses the current and future end-of-life management of electronic displays (flat screen televisions and monitors), and identifies and discusses possible ecodesign recommendations to improve it. Based on an investigation of the treatment of displays in two typical European recycling plants, key aspects and criticalities of the recycling methods (sorting, dismantling and pre-processing) are identified. Disaggregated data concerning on-site measurements of the time needed to manually dismantle different displays are presented. The article also discusses the potential evolution of end-of-life scenarios for electronic displays and suggests possible recommendations for recyclers, producers and policy-makers to promote resource efficiency in the recycling of such waste products. Data on time for dismantling the displays can be used to build measurers for voluntary and mandatory policies, to stimulate design innovations for products improvement, and to assess possible alternative treatments of the waste during the pre-processing at the recycling plants. Some quantitative product measures (based on the time thresholds for dismantling some key components) are also discussed, including an assessment of their economic viability. These measures can potentially be enforced through mandatory and voluntary European product policies, and could also be extended to other product groups.     

大气污染物排放标准制定的法律原则和程序研究

《大气污染防治法》授权国家环境保护主管部门制定大气污染物排放标准,但关于标准的法律规则还不够全面,在一定程度上影响了排放标准的功能发挥,也给标准限值确定带来了困难。当前国家正在对《大气污染防治法》进行修订,为完善相关标准条款,本文在对我国大气污染物排放标准立法现状分析的基础上,借鉴国外相关标准的立法规则和我国标准实践经验,提出了适用于我国的大气污染物排放标准制定的主要法律原则和程序建议。研究认为,制定大气污染物排放标准应考虑污染物对公众健康、空气质量和生态环境的影响,以及可采取的污染控制技术措施等情况,通过技术经济论证确定排放限值和相关技术要求,做到技术可行、经济合理、减排效益突出。标准制定过程要充分听取各方意见,经标准评审委员会审查通过后方可按照部门规章批准发布。     

香港消防性能化设计的简略介绍

介绍了香港在消防工种领域性能化设计的应用和发展。简单地阐述了国际上的消防工程性能化设计的发展。概述目前的性能化设计现状并给出经验总结。     

“积木式做法”研究及对我国实施GHS范围的建议

从分析我国实施GHS的问题出发,详细研究GHS的"积木式做法",指出实施GHS可以根据实际情况有选择地采用其危险性分类。同时分析我国现阶段化学品相关实验室技术支撑能力,结合目前化学品监管范围,提出实施GHS的重点,要先实现我国化学品监管范围与GHS相关危险性的分类统一,再逐步将GHS其他危险性分类引入我国危险化学品监管范围,并对现阶段实施GHS的危险性种类和类别提出启动物理化学性质引起的危险、急性毒性和皮肤腐蚀/刺激性、危害水生环境分类标准的实施工作建议。     

城市综合交通枢纽内消防“准安全区”设置原则和评估流程研究

由于使用功能的需要,综合交通枢纽中的交通换乘大厅常设计为高大空间结构。在实际工程中,该类高大空间建筑部位超出了现行防火规范关于防火分区面积和安全疏散距离的要求,通常采用性能化方法进行评估,在性能化评估中一般采用"准安全区"的理念。目前,"准安全区"的火灾安全仅依靠性能参数的比较论证,没有较为统一的设计准则。从不同的净空高度出发,综合考虑自然排烟口面积占地板面积的比例、相邻自然排烟口的间距和单个自然排烟口的面积等多种因素影响下的综合交通枢纽换乘大厅作为"准安全区"的设计要求,提出了"准安全区"设计原则和评估流程,研究成果可直接用于综合交通枢纽换乘大厅的设计与评估中,并对类似建筑具有指导意义。