生态规划实效性评价指标体系研究——以《太仓生态市建设规划》实效性评价为例

首先提出了生态城市规划实效性的内涵,包含规划目标实现程度、规划效益、公众主观感受和规划实施过程合理性等4个方面。在此基础上建立包括规划编制过程、规划实施过程和规划实施结果3个阶段,涵盖政府、企业和公众等不同主体行为和利益特征的从过程到结果,具有复合价值观的规划实效性评价指标体系。通过太仓生态市建设规划实效性评价案例研究做了进一步论证:①生态城市规划主管部门是规划实效评价的主要推动者;②从过程到结果的评价思路和评价指标具有可操作性和灵活性;③规划过程评价方法的不成熟使其受到的关注有所降低。最后提出了若干规划编制和管理建议,以促进生态规划长效管理机制的形成。     

Environmental quality of mussel farms in the Vigo estuary: pollution by PAHs, origin and effects on reproduction

This work analyzes the influence of environmental and physiological parameters on PAHs accumulation in cultured mussels. Lipid content and reproductive stage are directly related with PAHs accumulation pattern. We observed a rapid accumulation and depuration of PAHs, mainly during periods of nutrients accumulation, spawns and gonadic restorations. Correlations between PAHs accumulation and physiological status indicate when mussels are more susceptible to adverse effects of these pollutants. A positive correlation between mutagenic congener’s accumulation and occurrence of gonadic neoplastic disorders is shown for the first time in mussels. Molecular indices were used to identify the origin of hydrocarbons accumulated by Mytilus, showing a chronic pyrolytic pollution and pollutant episodes by petrogenic sources and biomass combustion in the studied area. Multivariate analysis suggests the possibility of including physiological parameters of sentinel organisms in environmental biomonitoring programs, mainly in aquaculture areas, taking into account their two aspects: farms productivity and human food safety.     

DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据在城镇体系空间格局研究中的应用与评价——以近16年江西省间城镇空间格局为例

通过分析1994～2009年16 a逐年DMSP/OLS的静态平均灯光数据的DN值分布情况,考虑实际空间格局分布数据需求和数据质量,选择1994、2000、2005、2009年4个年度为代表,进行江西省城镇空间格局分布应用研究,并对数据质量进行评价。结果表明：1994～2009年度江西省城镇建设用地总量数值尽管与统计数据之间存在一定的波动,但总体扩展趋势基本一致;在城镇化增长速度上,2000～2005年比1994～2000年大29.53%,2005～2009年比1994～2000年大4357%,说明江西省城镇化发展正逐步提速,并有加快发展的趋势;景观指数分析表明江西省城镇化扩张过程中,面积越来越大,城镇间聚集度越来越高,相互影响也越来越大;城镇化形状越来越复杂;城镇间联系越来越紧密,破碎度逐步减小,城镇斑块形状变化逐步加大,发展无序程度加重。最后,针对江西省城镇空间格局发展现状,研究提出了积极发展中型城市、集约化发展特大城市、稳步扩大小城镇发展规模的建议     

Analyzing maps of dispersal around a single focus

The spatial pattern of organisms may be used to characterize their dispersal, quantify spread or estimate the point of introduction of an alien species. Their distribution may be represented by maps of individuals, or by counts or by presence/absence at known positions within a sampled area. The problems and relative merits of these different forms of data for spatial inference are discussed. Three datasets concerning dispersal from a single focus are analyzed: counts of aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae, on barley plants, Hordeum vulgare, grown in experi- mental trays; mapped locations of couch grass, Elymus repens, tillers within plots of a field experiment; locations of sightings of the lupin aphid, Macrosiphum albifrons, as it invaded Great Britain between 1981 and 1984. A method for generating maps from counts is proposed to overcome problems caused by recording imprecision. Several statistics are used to quantify dispersal and spatial pattern in the experimental data and together provide a clear picture of the spatial pattern observed; they enabled several effects of the experimental treatments to be identified. The value of the statistics are compared. Estimates of the source of the lupin aphid invasion are obtained using the backtracking methods of Perry (1995b) and do not contradict previous suggestions.     

对几种环境质量综合指数评价方法的探讨

从《全国环境质量报告书》的编写出发,探讨了多种环境质量综合指数的应用。利用具体数据对各种方法进行了比较,进而提出在目前报告书中宜采用最大值法和算术平均法相结合的方法来对全国环境质量进行评价,并结合国外环境评价方法的发展趋势对未来报告书的评价模式提出了建议。     

Evaluation of zoobenthic assemblages and recovery following petroleum spill in a coastal area of Río de la Plata estuarine system, South America

The objective of this work was to analyse zoobenthic assemblages in the coastal sector of the Río de La Plata, Argentina, after a petroleum spill. Sampling stations were located in representative sites of various landscapes. Structure, composition, physico-chemical parameters and seasonal changes were recorded in order to assess taxocenosis evolution during the period 1999–2003. Recovery signs were estimated by means of biotic indices and the presence of sensitive species. Tolerant species were dominant in heavily polluted sites, with low diversity and water quality values, according to the biotic indices used. In certain zones, sediment quality remains impoverished, with a visible oil film on the surface. However, during the last sampling, some points showed an increase in biotic indices, pointing to a slight improvement in environmental conditions.     

Seasonal and diurnal gas exchange differences in ozone-sensitive common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) in relation to ozone uptake

Stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) plants in two different soil moisture regimes were directly quantified and subsequently modeled over an entire growing season. Direct measurements captured the dynamic response of stomatal conductance to changing environmental conditions throughout the day, as well as declining gas exchange and carbon assimilation throughout the growth period beyond an early summer maximum. This phenomenon was observed in plants grown both with and without supplemental soil moisture, the latter of which should theoretically mitigate against harmful physiological effects caused by exposure to ozone. Seasonally declining rates of stomatal conductance were found to be substantial and incorporated into models, making them less susceptible to the overestimations of effective exposure that are an inherent source of error in ozone exposure indices. The species-specific evidence presented here supports the integration of dynamic physiological processes into flux-based modeling approaches for the prediction of ozone injury in vegetation.     

Status of Aquatic Bioassessment in U.S. EPA Region IX

U.S. EPA Region IX is supporting bioassessment programs in Arizona, California, Hawaii and Nevada using biocriteria program and Regional Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (R-EMAP) resources. These programs are designed to improve the state, tribal and regional ability to determine the status of water quality. Biocriteria program funds were used to coordinate with Arizona, California and Hawaii which resulted in these states establishing reference conditions and in developing biological indices. U.S. EPA Region IX has initiated R-EMAP projects in California and Nevada. These U.S. EPA Region IX sponsored programs have provided an opportunity to interact with the States and provide them with technical and management support. In Arizona, several projects are being conducted to develop the State's bioassessment program. These include the development of a rotational random monitoring program; a regional reference approach for macroinvertebrate bioassessments; ecoregion approach to testing and adoption of an alternate regional classification system; and development of warm-water and cold-water indices of biological integrity. The indices are projected to be used in the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) 2000 water quality assessment report. In California, an Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) has been developed for the Russian River Watershed using resources from U.S. EPA's Non-point Source (NPS) Program grants. A regional IBI is under development for certain water bodies in the San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board. Resources from the U.S. EPA Biocriteria program are being used to support the California Aquatic Bioassessment Workgroup (CABW) in conjunction with the California Department of Fish & Game (CDFG), and to support the Hawaii Department of Health (DoH) Bioassessment Program to refine biological metrics. In Nevada, R-EMAP resources are being used to create a baseline of aquatic information for the Humboldt River watershed. U.S. EPA Region IX is presently working with the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection (NDEP) to establish a Nevada Aquatic Bioassessment Workgroup. Future R-EMAP studies will occur in the Calleguas Creek watershed in Southern California, and in the Muddy and Virgin River watersheds in southern Nevada, and the Walker River watershed in eastern California and west-central Nevada.     

包头市生态监测指标体系研究初探

随着全球生态问题的不断涌现，生态保护的呼声日益高涨，要想顺应这一形势的要求，实现切实有效的生态保护，首先必须对生态破坏状况要有一个准确的把握，而生态监测是全面掌握生态状况的有效手段和唯一 途径。目前国内的生态监测工作缺乏统一的标准，国家尚未制定技术规范。本研究针对包头市的特点，以景观生态学理论为依据，将包头市划分为五大景观生态系统，根据其各自特点，突出主要生态问题，制定了相应的生态监测指标体系，从而为生态监测工作的开展打下了坚实的基础。     

酚类化合物的QSAR研究

直接应用化合物的分子结构式产生的结构描述参量研究了４５个酚类化合物的麻醉毒性和分子结构之间的相关性。用多元回归分析和神经网络法建立了相应的数学模型，并用其预测了５个酚类化合物的麻醉毒性。结果表明，所提取的结构参量较好地反映这类化合物的结构特性，而用神经网络法所得结果优于多元回归分析结果。