页岩气体积压裂过程中套管失效机理研究

为了研究体积压裂过程中套管失效问题,基于页岩气水平井X-1h钻完井资料,提出了微地震数据反演方法,并结 合岩石断裂力学和岩石损伤力学,建立了X-1h体积压裂地层-多簇射孔-套管有限元模型。有限元结果表明:体积压裂范 围内的地应力场发生明显变化,甚至出现“张应力”区和“零应力”区的应力反转现象,该特征将不同程度地使套管在 地层中出现“悬空”状态,导致套管沿其径向产生一定程度的挠度变形,沿轴向套管呈现“S”型变形。适当增加压裂 段与段之间的间距,缩短多簇射孔压裂段的有效长度,可以有效地降低或控制水平段套管的“S”型变形量。该研究方 法和研究成果为体积压裂技术的套管变形失效控制以及页岩气安全生产提供了理论依据。     

Vent Sizing Criteria for Partial Volume Deflagration

The accidental spill of volatile solvents or the release of flammable gases within equipment and buildings is likely to form fuel concentration gradients unless efficient mixing is provided. As a consequence, even small amounts of fuel can form flammable clouds, and partial volume deflagrations may occur. Nevertheless, few indications are given in international guidelines for vent sizing and only over-conservative well-mixed stoichiometric assumptions are used. In this paper, we propose a predictive methodology for the evaluation of the dynamics of partial volume deflagration, aiming at defining useful correlations for the design of vent devices, starting from the fundamental equation for the rate of pressure rise and flame propagation in closed vessel. We define a ‘stratified gas deflagration index’ K_G(m), where m is the filling ratio, and use it with the most common design equations for vent sizing. The approach has been validated by means of a CFD code for the simulation of stratified laminar methane–air explosion by varying both filling ratio and volume.     

液化石油气钢瓶长径比研究

分析钢瓶的长度和直径之比(长径比)对容积变形率的影响,在材料相同的条件下,长径比大的气瓶的容积变形率的要求也相应提高。笔者分别从钢瓶的边界效应、冲压工艺、制造经济性3个方面探讨了液化石油气钢瓶的合适长径比,并综合提出了液化石油气钢瓶的长径比的适宜范围为0.8～1.6。     

Waste minimization study in a solvent-based paint manufacturing plant

Solvent-based paint manufacturing plants produce significant quantities of hazardous waste, which must be properly treated before it can be disposed. Since the cost for treating this waste is high, reducing the quantity of waste has become a crucial issue in this industry.Waste minimization options are beneficial for the owner of the plant as well as for the environment. The quantity of hazardous waste can be minimized by changing the plant's technology or by substituting hazardous substances, which are used in the paint manufacturing process, with environmentally friendly ones. Furthermore, separating the various waste streams makes it easier to recover raw materials and enhances the possibility of their reuse within the production process. This will decrease operational costs for the plant.This paper presents a case study of waste minimization in a solvent-based paint manufacturing plant. Source reduction, recovery, and recycling methods are taken into consideration. Its aim is to develop an understanding of the facility's waste generating processes, to suggest ways to reduce the waste production, and finally to select an appropriate waste minimization option to suggest to the plant. Some of the suggested methods are currently being practiced while others are at initial stage of development.     

含炭织物材料的吸附性能比较研究

本文以三类典型含炭织物材料为研究对象,对它们的孔结构、吸苯量和吸二正丙基硫醚（DPS）量进行测试。结果表明：三种含炭织物材料的吸附性能有较大差异,且其微孔容积与静态吸苯量和吸DPS量之间的关系呈线性关系。     

建筑物最佳机械排烟量的研究

基于工程性能的防排烟设计,最佳机械排烟量的确定是个关键性的问题。在分析火灾中烟流性状的基础上,给出了火灾安全疏散判别依据,从烟控系统性能化设计的角度提出了最佳机械排烟量的基本思想,并利用实例进行了验证。计算结果表明:综合了安全性和经济性的最佳排烟量定义是正确的,该建筑物的最佳机械排烟量为72m3/(h.m2)。研究成果对建筑物防排烟系统的性能化设计具有重要参考价值。     

Estimation of PM_(10) in the trafc-related atmosphere for three road types in Beijing and Guangzhou,China

The levels of roadside PM10in Beijing, China, were investigated in 2011 and 2012 on a seasonal basis to estimate the population exposure to particulates for three road types. The measurements of PM10 were also conducted in the southern Chinese megacity of Guangzhou for comparison purposes. The results showed that roadside PM10in Beijing correlated strongly with the PM10background in the urban atmosphere. The levels of PM10in street canyons were markedly higher than those along the open roads and in crossroad areas because of limited ventilation. An elevation of PM10was observed in April, which was possibly due to the sand storms that frequently occur in the spring. Based on these observations, roadside PM10in Beijing could have multiple origins and was to some extent dispersiongoverned. In Guangzhou, the roadside PM10did not closely relate to the background values. The PM10 pollution was greatly afected by local trafc conditions. The simulation of PM10 for diferent road types was completed during the study period using the Motor Vehicle Emissions Factor Model(MOBILE6.2) as an emission model and the California Line Source Dispersion Model(CALINE4) and Operational Street Pollution Model(OSPM) as dispersion models. The MOBILE6.2/CALINE4 software package was demonstrated to be sufcient for the simulation of PM10in the open roads and crossroad areas in both Beijing and Guangzhou, and the simulation results of roadside PM10 in the street canyons by the MOBILE6.2/OSPM package were in close agreement with those of the measurements.     

城市污水厂活性污泥中胞外聚合物与工艺运行及污泥沉降性能的相关性分析

胞外聚合物(Extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)的组分及含量是影响活性污泥性能的重要因素之一.本研究在测定不同城市污水处理厂活性污泥中EPS的基础上,分析水质情况与运行条件对EPS组分的影响.结果表明:蛋白质为EPS的主要组分,约占25%~63%;腐殖酸次之,占21%~50%;DNA和多糖的含量较少.同是A~2O工艺的2个污水厂的污泥沉降性能和粒径分布差异较大.根据Pearson分析结果,在污泥微膨胀和正常状态下,EPS总量与污泥体积指数(Sludge Volume Index,SVI)及粒径分布没有明显的相关性,但腐殖酸和DNA均与SVI呈正相关.处理工艺的水力停留时间与EPS总量负相关,但污水中有机物含量对EPS的含量及组分没有影响.EPS中多糖含量与脱氮除磷过程显著相关,多糖可以作为脱氮除磷过程的有机碳源.污泥龄影响EPS中蛋白质与多糖的比值.因此,污水水质、工艺类型及运行条件不同程度的影响EPS的组分及含量,进而影响处理效果.     

水处理用纤维素载体的降解及生物膜附着性能

研究了纤维素载体性能和生态因子(温度、底物浓度、pH)对载体降解和生物膜附着情况的影响.结果表明.未改性、交联、交联且阳离子化处理后载体最终平均降解率分别为55.2%、23.9%、20.5%;单位质量阳离子化载体的生物膜附着量最大,达0.247 g·g-1.纤维索载体可为细菌补充碳源,进而促进载体初期降解,可使废水中sO24-降解率最多提高51%.pH为5.0-6.5条件下,随着pH值的升高载体最终降解率下降,生物膜附着量增大.     

雨水调蓄池与苏州河市政泵站排江污染削减分析

雨天苏州河延岸市政泵站的排江污染是造成苏州河水质不稳定的原因之一,在兼顾防汛与截污的基础上,对延岸大泵站建设雨水调蓄池是削减苏州河排江污染负荷的重要工程,通过对成都路调蓄池试运行研究,估算每年可削减成都路泵站排江量50%以上,削减CODcr 11.53吨、SS 4.76吨。