A comparison of hydraulic and transport parameters measured in low-permeability fractured media

Data from 90 tracer experiments performed in low-permeability fractured media have been studied to explore correlations among parameters controlling flow and transport. The original data had been interpreted by different authors using different models, which prevents direct comparison of their estimated parameters. In order to produce comparable parameters, the data have been reexamined using simple models (homogeneous domain, steady-state flow regime, single porosity). Specifically, hydraulic conductivity has been derived as the ratio of water flux to head gradient and apparent porosity as the ratio of water velocity to water flux; the former estimated from both first and peak arrival times. Hydraulic conductivity and porosity correlate along a straight line of slope 1:3 in log scale. While the regression is too noisy to be of predictive use, it lends some support to the use of a generalized cubic law. The fact that correlation for first arrival time porosity (0.77) is larger than for peak arrival porosity (0.62) suggests that first arrival is controlled by the same flow paths as hydraulic conductivity. Apparent porosity derived from peak arrival time is found to grow with travel time along a line of 0.55 slope (again log scale). The correlation coefficient ranges between 0.73 and 0.80 (depending on the data set) for hard rocks. The fact that this correlation is maintained when varying the flow rate at a given site leads us to suggest that it is caused by diffusion mechanisms. This conclusion is further supported by the increase of apparent porosity with the matrix porosity of the rock on which the experiments were performed.     

Influence of compost amendment rate and level of compaction on the hydraulic functioning of soils

There has been widespread interest in using compost to improve the hydrologic functions of degraded soils at construction sites for reducing runoff and increasing infiltration. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of compost amendment rate on saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) and water retention in order to identify target compost rates for enhancing soil hydrologic functions. Samples were prepared with three soil textures (sandy loam, silt loam, and sandy clay loam), amended with compost at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. All soils were tested at a porosity of 0.5 m³/m³, and the sandy loam was further tested at high (0.55 m³/m³) and low (0.4 m³/m³) porosities. The K_s and water retention data were then used to model infiltration with HYDRUS-1D. With increasing compost amendment rate, K_s and water retention of the mixtures generally increased at the medium porosity level, with more compost needed in heavier soils. As porosity decreased in the sandy loam soil, the amount of compost needed to improve K_s rose from 20% to 50%. Water distribution in pore fractions (gravitational, plant-available, and unavailable water) depended on texture, with only the highest compost rates increasing plant-available water in one soil. Results suggest soil texture should be taken into consideration when choosing a compost rate in order to achieve soil improvement goals. Hydrologic benefits may be limited even at a high rate of compost amendment if soil is compacted.     

径迹法累积测定室内外氡浓度

使用ＣＲ－３９探测器和探杯型氡监测器,对本所办公楼地下室及办公室内外氡浓度进行了２－６个月春夏秋冬不同季节的累积测定。对收集后的ＣＲ－３９随机扫描读数方式对结果的影响做了比较。结果表明地下室氡浓度高于其他层,室内高于室外。除个别情况外,随机扫描的影响在统计涨落范围内。     

Effects of sludge characteristics on electrical resistance and energy consumption during electro-dewatering process

The increase of electrical resistance (ER) and energy consumption (EC) during the later stage of dewatering is a major problem hindering the development of electro-dewatering (EDW) technology. As the variations of sludge characteristics are significant during the EDW process, the relationships between sludge characteristics and ER and EC during EDW remain unclear. In this study, the effects of moisture content (MC), thickness, pH, conductivity, zeta potential, temperature, and gas volume on the ER and EC during the EDW process were statistically investigated using correlation and multiple linear regression analyses. Herein, the results showed that the ER of the sludge near the anode was primarily affected by pH, whereas the sludge near the cathode was primarily affected by the MC and conductivity. Further, sludge temperature and conductivity were the most reliable indicators to predict the EC near the anode and cathode, respectively. The results of this study provide theoretical guidance useful for solving the increase of ER and EC during the later stage of the EDW process.     

非色散红外CO2飞机火警探测技术研究

提出了基于非色散红外吸收原理(NDIR)实时监测环境中CO2气体浓度变化进行火警探测的方法。根据高空大气环境的特殊性,探讨了基于NDIR的CO2气体探测技术应用于飞机上所面临的低温低压难题。进行了基于NDIR的红外CO2飞机火警探测器的两种结构设计,提出了基于CO2气体浓度监测的红外CO2飞机火警探测器的主要参数要求,研究了基于CO2浓度变化速率与变化值的火灾报警算法。     

复合填料热传导过程数值模拟

复合填料由废铸砂、粉煤灰、聚苯乙烯(EPS)颗粒、水泥和水按一定质量比例混合制成,具有低导热性、抗冻胀和轻质特性。根据热阻力法则和比等效导热系数相等法则,将材料视为由大量正方形单元体组成,其中心为一个球形EPS颗粒,这种单元体与总体的导热系数相等。运用AN SY S软件对复合填料单元体的传热过程进行了有限元模拟,根据瞬态法导热系数测试原理,推求不同EPS掺入比情况下的复合填料导热系数,分析EPS颗粒与导热系数的关系,发现材料导热系数随着EPS掺入比的增加而快速降低。将材料导热系数数值模拟与实测结果作比较,发现有限元模拟值与实测值接近,说明采用有限元方法可以实现对材料传热过程的模拟。     

离子色谱法-抑制型电导检测城市污水中的高氯酸根

利用离子色谱法-抑制型电导检测了城市污水中的持久污染物高氯酸根,以IonPac AS20高容量强亲水阴离子交换柱分离,NaOH流动相等度淋洗,高氯酸根在12min内出峰。高氯酸根在0.01~50 mg/L内具有良好的线性,相关系数为0.9998,50μl进样时检出限可达到3μg/L。方法可用于多种城市污水中高氯酸根的监测,样品测定的标准相对偏差在0.60%~0.94%之间,加标回收率在97.3%~105.8%之间,具有较好的准确性和重现性。     

Natural radioactivity levels in topsoil from the Pearl River Delta Zone, Guangdong, China

Concentrations of the natural radionuclides ²³⁸U, ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K have been measured by γ-ray spectrometry in 796 topsoil samples from the Pearl River Delta Zone (PRDZ) of Guangdong, China. The mean concentrations for ²³⁸U, ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K were found to be 140 ± 37 Bq kg⁻¹, 134 ± 41 Bq kg⁻¹, 187 ± 80 Bq kg⁻¹ and 680 ± 203 Bq kg⁻¹ dry mass, respectively. These values were all higher than the mean values in soil for China and the world. Outdoor air-absorbed dose rates, calculated from activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K, ranged from 86 to 237 nGy h⁻¹, with a mean value of 165 ± 46 nGy h⁻¹. The corresponding annual outdoor effective dose rate per person was estimated to be between 0.11 and 0.29 mSv y⁻¹, with a mean value of 0.20 ± 0.06 mSv y⁻¹, which was also higher than the world mean value of 0.07 mSv y⁻¹. The radium equivalent activity (Ra_eq) and the external hazard index (I_r) resulted from the natural radionuclides in soil, were also calculated and found to vary from 230 to 676 Bq kg⁻¹ and from 0.6 to 1.8, respectively. The Ra_eq and the I_r in all the investigated regions were up to 75% higher than the set limits of 370 Bq kg⁻¹ and 1.0, respectively.     

Mapping of cosmic radiation dose in Croatia

The Earth is continually bombarded by high-energy particles coming from the outer space and the sun. These particles, termed cosmic radiation, interact with nuclei of atmospheric constituents and decrease in intensity with depth in the atmosphere. Measurements of photon and gamma radiation, performed with a Radiameter at 1 m above the ground, indicated dose rates of 50-100 nSv/h.The neutron dose rate was measured with the CR-39 track etch detector calibrated by the CERN-EU high-energy Reference Field (CERF) facility. Correlation between neutron dose rates and altitudes at 36 sites was examined in order to obtain a significant positive correlation coefficient; the resulting linear regression enabled estimation of a neutron dose at particular altitude. The measured neutron dose rate in Osijek (altitude of 89 m, latitude of 45.31° N) was 110 nSv/h.     

非膨胀型防火涂料的等效热传导系数及其试验方法

热传导系数是表征非膨胀型防火涂料隔热性能最重要的参数,也是进行钢构件升温计算所必需的参数。非膨胀型防火涂料的热传导系数随温度升高有较大变化,采用常温下的热传导系数来计算钢构件在火灾下的温度将导致较大的误差。从工程应用角度,热传导系数采用一个常数可极大地简化计算,因此本文提出了等效热传导系数的概念及其试验方法。该方法基于非膨胀型防火涂料保护钢构件标准耐火试验,可综合反映涂料在火灾下的实际性能。试验与理论计算的对比表明,采用等效热传导系数可相当精确地模拟非膨胀型防火涂料保护钢构件在火灾下的升温。