湘黔汞矿区土壤汞的化学形态及污染特征

以湘黔汞矿带内典型矿区土壤为对象,基于BCR三步法和氢化发生-等离子体发射光谱技术,研究了湘黔汞矿区土壤中汞的形态含量及污染特征.结果表明,矿区土壤中汞以残渣态为主,其次为有机-硫化态,酸交换态和铁锰氧化态所占比例较少,各形态汞的分配系数依次为：残渣态(85.77%)>>有机-硫化态(12.44%)>>Fe-Mn氧化态(0.93%)≈酸交换态(0.86%);土壤中各形态汞含量与砂粒含量正相关,与粘粒含量负相关,并随土壤pH升高而增加;各形态汞含量存在明显的空间分异,垂直空间上体现为表层土壤中的含量高于亚表层土壤,水平空间上表现为随着与污染源距离的增加而含量急剧降低,并因土地利用类型不同、区域不同而差异明显.人类活动引起的外源输入性汞污染对矿区土壤中汞的环境毒性和污染特征产生了重大影响.     

锌冶炼-氯碱复合污染区木本植物中的汞

研究了葫芦岛市13个不同地点的154个木本植物样品的汞含量.葫芦岛市木本植物受到严重的汞污染.叶汞含量为0.029～2.700 mg·kg^-1,平均为0.182 mg·kg^-1,植物叶汞中的浓度李树＞梨树＞柳树＞杉树＞榆树＞槐树＞丁香＞杨树＞松树＞柏树;茎汞含量为0.009～0.342 mg·kg^-1,平均为0.066 mg·kg^-1.植物树茎、树叶汞含量呈显著正相关,树叶>树茎.植物汞含量与其距离污染源的远近及风向有关,距离污染源越近,植物总汞含量越高.表明大气沉降作用对植物汞的含量有显著的影响,锌冶炼厂是植物汞含量的主要来源.     

节肢动物体内的总汞和甲基汞含量研究

分析了汞污染区河流沿岸草本植物及节肢动物样品中的汞含量.结果表明,节肢动物飞蝗、中华蚱蜢总汞含量分别为0 .032～0 .402 mg·kg^-1、0 .023～0 .362 mg·kg^-1,高于非污染区1个数量级.飞蝗、中华蚱蜢甲基汞含量分别为0 .003～0 .031mg·kg^-1、0 .004～0 .015 mg·kg^-1,占总汞比例分别为3 .5%～49 .7%和2 .0%～44 .4%.飞蝗、中华蚱蜢体内（一级消费者）汞含量低于其食物草本植物,与未受污染地区不同;螳螂体内（二级消费者）汞明显累积.飞蝗体内总汞含量随着个体长度增长呈下降的趋势,在中华蚱蜢体内则先增长后下降,甲基汞随着个体长度增长呈上升趋势;节肢动物个体不同部位中汞含量明显不同,腹>胸>头.节肢动物体内汞和甲基汞可能导致野生鸟类、家禽、两栖类生态风险.     

浙西地区典型节能灯加工集聚区大气气态总汞污染特征研究

汞是最具危害性的全球性重金属污染物，而节能灯生产引起的汞污染问题则日益突出。选取浙西地区某典型节能灯加工集聚区为研究对象，等间距设置7个采样点及1个对照点，每3个月采样一次，采用多台高时间分辨率自动测汞仪(Tekran2537A)对集聚区周边环境中大气气态总汞(TGM)开展了为期2 a的实时同步观测，通过分析节能灯加工集聚区TGM质量浓度特征及其时空变化特征，旨在明确规模化节能灯加工产业对当地大气环境的影响，明晰其大气汞污染现状，以期为后续深入研究和环境修复提供理论支持。结果表明：浙西地区典型节能灯加工集聚区TGM质量浓度[(3.22±0.78) ng·m-3]显著高于全球TGM质量浓度背景值(1.5~2.0 ng·m-3)和研究区设置对照点TGM质量浓度水平[(1.20±0.35) ng·m-3]，显示集聚区大气已受到一定程度的汞污染。同时，研究区内各采样点TGM质量浓度波动幅度较大(0.93~6.74 ng·m-3)，说明节能灯加工带来的人为排汞对采样点环境影响显著。此外，节能灯加工集聚区TGM质量浓度具有明显的季节性和空间异质性。在季节上表现为：冬季>秋季>夏季>春季，受研究区温度和土壤环境条件影响较大，且TGM质量浓度波动情况与当地春耕秋种时节较为频繁的人为活动情况相一致。在水平分布上表现为：随节能灯加工集聚区中心距离的增加而逐渐减小，各采样点组间TGM质量浓度标准差变化幅度大，组内变化不大，说明汞的大气传输和扩散可能与空气的稀释作用、汞的干湿沉降及地形、风向、风速等因素有关，同时，小范围内空气交换速度不大，TGM质量浓度保持相对稳定。因此，浙西地区节能灯加工产业已对当地大气环境产生了一定的影响，必须采取有效措施控制节能灯加工带来的大气汞污染问题。     

SIMULATING SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN THE CARSON RIVER AND LAHONTAN RESERVOIR,NEVADA, USA1

ABSTRACT: The discovery of the Comstock Lode in western Nevada in 1859 initiated the use of liquid mercury (Hg) or “quicksilver” to remove gold (Au) and silver (Ag) from crushed ore. Today, Hg is present in historic mill tailings piles, in alluvial deposits adjacent to the Carson River, and in Lahontan Reservoir. Mercury concentrations in Carson River water have been reported as high as 61 μg/L by the U.S. Geological Survey. Fish from Lahontan Reservoir have methylmorcury (MeHg) concentrations as much as four times the 1.0 μg/g limit for human consumption. Since more than 95 percent of total Hg in water can be associated with particulates, the transport of sediment must be quantified to understand the fate of Hg in the system. By linking the RIVMOD hydrodynamic model with the WASP5 water quality model, and using suspended sediment rating curves along with bedload transport equations, reliable predictions of sediment transport can be made. Measured suspended sediment data from the Carson River, and an estimate of annual sediment loading to Lahontan Reservoir, were used to create a calibrated sediment transport model. Model simulations predicted the long term transport of sediment into Lahontan Reservoir, the transport of sediment into Lahontan Reservoir during a flood year (1986 water year), and concentrations of total Hg in the Carson River using an estimate of sediment Hg concentrations. This research will eventually be used with an Hg model to predict the fate of Hg in the river and reservoir system.     

The Need for Integrated Linkages and Long-Term Monitoring of Mercury in Canada

A nation-wide ecosystem science network for Canada was formed in 1994. At that time, mercury was a re-emerging issue in Canada and the Coordinating Office for the networksought collaboration to assess the issue. The key mechanismsby which the network has added value in addressing this issue are: 1) Information Dissemination, the network has organised, facilitated and co-hosted a number of regional,national and international mercury events (meetings, conferences and workshops) which have served to bring theexpertise together, the network also disseminates informationon it's web page, and the Coordinating Office hosts an annualNational Science Conference; 2) Collaborative Mercury Monitoring, network partners advocated the need for a singlehemispheric mercury network which resulted in the developmentof a compatible Canada–U.S. mercury deposition network, whichmay also be expanded into Mexico, and 3) Environmental Reporting, the network has collaborated with others to reporton current mercury findings through initiatives such as the 1998 Northeast States and Eastern Canadian Mercury Study, a 1999 Mercury Case Study and is presently a partner in the University of Quebec's proposal to form a Collaborative Mercury Ecosystem Research Network in Canada.     

影响YYG-4B型冷原子荧光测汞仪诸因素分析

对YYG－4B型冷原子荥光测汞仪在测试中常出现的各种因素进行了分析探讨，提出了可行的解决方法，进一步提高了测定结果的精密度和准确度。     

Consequences and Correctives Related to Lake Acidification, Liming and Mercury in Fish – A Case-Study for Lake Huljesjön, Sweden, Using the LakeWeb-model

This work exemplifies how a given lake (Lake Huljesjön, Sweden) would likely respond to changes in pH-values and to liming (a standard measure against anthropogenic acidification). The basic questions are: How would a liming influence pH? How long would the changes last? How would the changes influence the structure and function of lake ecosystems? The work uses a comprehensive lake ecosystem model, LakeWeb, which accounts for production, biomasses, predation, abiotic/biotic interactions of nine key functional groups of organisms, phytoplankton, bacterioplankton, two types of zooplankton (herbivorous and predatory), two types of fish (prey and predatory), zoobenthos, macrophytes and benthic algae. LakeWeb is a dynamic model and gives weekly variations. It has been critically tested using empirical data and regressions from many lakes. Those tests are not presented here but have shown that the model can capture typical functional and structural patterns in lakes very well. This gives credibility to the results presented in this work, which would be very costly to obtain in the traditional manner by extensive field studies in one or a few lakes. This work presents for the first time predictions at the ecosystem level of how functional groups of organisms (and not individual species) are likely to respond to acidification and liming. Two existing dynamic models, one for liming, the other for Hg-concentrations in fish, have been added to the LakeWeb-model. These two models have previously been tested and proven to yield good predictions. The results presented here indicate that there are several probable changes in the structure and function of the lake foodweb related to acidification and liming. The predicted changes in macrophyte cover will influence the predation pressure on fish, and thereby the fish biomass. Reductions in primary production at low pH-values will cause reductions in fish biomass. There are several interesting compensatory effects between factors that increase fish biomass and factors that tend to decrease the biomass. Such matters can be handled quantitatively by the LakeWeb-model.     

Response of Mercury Contamination in Fish to Decreased Aqueous Concentrations and Loading of Inorganic Mercury in a Small Stream

Approximately 250 000 kg of mercury was lost towater and soils at the U.S. Dept. of Energy Y-12 Plantin Oak Ridge, Tennessee in the 1950s and early 1960s. A creek originating within the plant receivedcontinuous inputs of waterborne mercury, predominantlyas dissolved inorganic mercury, from groundwater,streambed contamination, and sump and process waterdischarges to the contaminated storm sewer network.These produce aqueous total mercury concentrations of1–2 g L^-1 in the upper reaches of the stream,decreasing to about 0.1–0.2 g L^-1 in its lowerreaches. A program to reduce mercury concentrationsin the creek identified specific sources (buildingsumps, contaminated springwater seeps, foundationdrains, and contaminated piping) and rerouted wateraround contaminated portions of the drain system orcollected and treated mercury-contaminated waterbefore discharging it. As a result, waterbornemercury concentrations in the creek and total mercuryloading were reduced from 1.8 g L^-1 to0.6 g L^-1 and 100 to 20 g d^-1, respectively, in the last 5 yr.Mean mercury concentrations in fish nearest sourceareas in the creek headwaters decreased at roughly thesame rate as waterborne total mercury concentrationsover the past five years, but at the facility boundarydownstream the decline in mercury bioaccumulation wasmuch less. At sites 5–15 km farther downstream, nodecrease was evident. Dissolved methylmercury tendedto increase with distance downstream in a patterninverse to that noted for its dissolved inorganicmercury precursor.Improvements in water quality and modification ofweirs to allow the passage of fish have resulted inthe establishment of large populations of fish inmercury-contaminated headwater areas previously devoidof fish. It may be that the accumulation, retention,and eventual downstream transport of this reservoir ofbiologically incorporated methylmercury has acted tobuffer against expected reductions in mercury in fishat downstream sites.     

重庆市菜地土壤和蔬菜中Hg、Pb的污染特征及相关性分析

通过对重庆市菜地土壤和蔬菜 Hg、Pb的含量分析 ,发现土壤 Hg含量远远大于背景值 ,并且土壤 Hg的含量与菜地周围的环境密切相关 ;土壤 Pb的含量同背景值相差不大。Hg、Pb在土壤和蔬菜中的污染特征表现为主城区 >近郊区 >远郊区 ;并且不同蔬菜品种中 Hg、Pb的含量差异较大 ,在不同蔬菜种类表现为叶菜类 >果菜类 >根菜类。相关性分析表明同一菜地土壤和蔬菜中 Hg、Pb含量无相关性 ;不同菜地土壤和蔬菜 Hg、Pb含量不具有相关性。