Auditing a flooded quarry prior to marina development

Development of a marina in a flooded brownstone quarry will require construction of a canal to the Connecticut River through an isthmus separating the two systems. An environmental audit over a 16-month period developed quantitative limnological data required by regulatory agencies. The deep quarry basin, protected by high sandstone walls, became strongly stratified in summer. Development of littoral vegetation in the quarry was prevented by the steep sides of the basin. Unusual characteristics of the manmade quarry basin, compared to most natural lakes in Connecticut, included a mean depth of 14 m, an intense thermocline, and negative heterograde oxygen profiles with metalimnetic minima. Alkalinity, conductivity, and nutrient levels differed significantly between the quarry and the river. Mean chlorophyll a concentrations in the two systems were similar, but the distribution of phytoplankton classes were quite different. The environmental audit, by comparing physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the quarry to those of the river, allowed prediction of changes in trophic status when the two systems are joined.     

APPLICATION OF THE GREEN-AMPT INFILTRATION EQUATION TO WATERSHED MODELING1

ABSTRACT: A computer model was developed, based on the Green-Ampt infiltration equation, to computed rainfall excess for a single precipitation event. The model requires an estimate of parameters related to hydraulic conductivity, wetting front section, and fillable porosity of the soil layers. Values of parameters were estimated from soil textural averages or regression equations based on percent sand, percent clay, and porosity. Average values of effective porosity and wetting front suction were largely acceptable due to the relatively low variability and low model sensitivity to the parameters. Hydraulic conductivity was the most erratic constituent of the loss rate computation due to the high variability and the high sensitivity of the computed infiltration to the parameter. The performance of the Green-Ampt infiltration model was tested through a comparison with the SCS curve number procedure. Seven watersheds and 23 storms with precipitation of one inch or greater were used in the comparison. For storms with less than one inch of rainfall excess, the SCS curve number procedure generally gave the best results; however, for six of the seven storms with precipitation excess greater than one inch, the Green-Ampt procedure delivered better results. In this comparison, both procedures used the same initial abstractions. The separation of rainfall losses into infiltration, interception, and surface retention is, in theory, an accurate method of estimating precipitation excess. In the second phase of the study using nine watersheds and 39 storms, interception and surface retention losses were computed by the Horton equations. Green-Ampt and interception parameters were estimated from value sin the literature, while the surface retention parameter was calibrated so that the computed runoff volumes matched observed volumes. A relationship was found between the surface retention storage capacity and the 15-day antecedent precipitation index, month of year, and precipitation amount.     

MULTICRITERIA EVALUATION IN A POLICY ANALYSIS OF A RHINE ESTUARY1

ABSTRACT: As part of a major project to provide the Rhine delta protection from North Sea floods, the Dutch installed sluices at Haringvliet in the late 1960s and converted the Haringvliet-Hollandsch Diep-Biesbosch (HHB) estuary into a tidally-damped, fresh-water system. Two decades later, the Dutch Rijkswaterstaat commissioned a study of alternative policies for managing the sluices and removing contaminated bottom sediments, including policies which would at least partially restore estuarine conditions to the HHB. This paper describes the public policy analysis comprising that study, focusing on the role played by formal mullicriteria evaluation (MCE), including the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Through the tasks of value-tree structuring, impact measurement, and criterion prioritization, the MCE influenced the entire structure of the analysis, became an integral part of it, and, despite initial skepticism among the participants about the utility of multicriteria analysis, was subsequently accepted and viewed favorably by the majority of them.     

机械产品安全性评价的研究

产品的本质安全化,是改善劳动条件,提高全社会安全水平的重要保障。产品的安全性评价,是判断产品本质安全程度的主要依据。本文以机械产品为例,在调查研究和统计分析的基础上,运用统计权数理论和模糊综合评判方法,提出了机械产品安全性评价指标体系和量化方法。     

Integrating forage,wildlife, water,and fish projections with timber projections at the regional level: A case study in southern United States

The impact of timber management and land-use change on forage production, turkey and deer abundance, red-cockaded woodpecker colonies, water yield, and trout abundance was projected as part of a policy study focusing on the southern United States. The multiresource modeling framework used in this study linked extant timber management and land-area policy models with newly developed models for forage, wildlife, fish, and water. Resource production was integrated through a commonly defined land base that could be geographically partitioned according to individual resource needs. Resources were responsive to changes in land use, particularly human-related, and timber management, particularly the harvest of older stands, and the conversion to planted pine.     

长三角城市经济生态化评价

随着可持续发展战略的实施,特别是党的十六届三中全会上科学、协调发展观的提出以及国内生态城市建设高潮的掀起,生态经济成为当前研究的热点问题之一.长江三角洲是我国经济发展与城市化水平最高的地区,被誉为世界第六大城市群,其发展状况已引起世人广泛关注.在此讨论了经济生态化的内涵,认为经济生态化水平应从经济发达程度、经济结构、生产效率、发展潜力、循环程度等几个角度来衡量,并构建了经济生态化评价指标体系;以长江三角洲地区具有代表性的八城市2004年的相关数据为操作对象,运用主成分分析法,对其经济生态化水平进行综合评价,结果表明:长三角八城市的经济生态化水平排序依次为上海、南京、苏州、无锡、宁波、杭州、常州、扬州.最后,分析了造成这种排序的原因.     

冬季水网藻对源水水质的净化作用

为保护源水水质,控制水质富营养化,利用水网藻来以藻治藻。中试结果表明,水网藻在冬季仍能正常生长,但生长速度下降,这与气候有密切关系。与对照测点比较,网袋内氨氮、生化需氧量和总磷的浓度分别下降了15.6％、28.6％和7.5％,水网藻在冬季仍可作为净化水源水质的一项生态工程措施。藻类的演替,与光照、水温和氮磷比等环境因素有关,由于这些因素难以控制,只能因地制宜,利用现有的种类净化水质。     

辽河流域河流底栖动物完整性评价指标与标准

根据2005年4月期间辽河流域25个样点的底栖动物数据(参照点12个,受损点13个),通过指数值分布范围、相关关系和判别能力分析,从20个候选指数中筛选出了辽河流域的B-IBI构成指标体系,包括总分类单元数、EPT分类单元数、摇蚊分类单元数、前3位优势分类单元个体相对丰度、敏感类群个体相对丰度和粘附者个体相对丰度6个生物指数.其中总分类单元数、EPT分类单元数、摇蚊分类单元数反映群落丰度,前3位优势分类单元个体相对丰度反映个体数量比例,敏感类群个体相对丰度反映生物耐污能力,粘附者个体相对丰度反映小生境质量.采用比值法计算每种生物的指数值,并将各个生物指数值加和得到B-IBI指数值.根据参照点B-IBI值的25%分位数值确定健康等级标准,并对小于25%分位数值的分布范围进行4等分,提出了底栖动物完整性评价标准:B-IBI＞3.66为健康,B-IBI=2.75～3.66为亚健康,B-IBI=1.83～2.75为一般,B-IBI=0.92～1.83为差,B-IBI＜0.92为极差.评价结果表明,辽河流域25个样点中9个为健康,8个为亚健康,2个为一般,3个为较差,3个极差.B-IBI与水质状况、栖息地环境质量显著相关,其中与DO、栖息地指数呈显著正相关,与CODCr、CODMn、BOD5、悬浮物、氨氮、总磷、总氮、电导率呈显著负相关.     

贵州灰家堡金矿田土壤重金属元素环境地球化学评价

为了解灰家堡金矿田土壤重金属元素环境地球化学背景和现状，本文开展了土壤重金属（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn）环境质量评价。结果显示，以《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》中风险筛选值为标准，灰家堡金矿田大部分区域土壤As和Cu环境地球化学等级高（三级、四级和五级），其它重金属元素（Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn）环境地球化学等级低（一级和二级）。高土壤Cu环境地球化学等级（三级）的区域与已知的构造、地层和深部隐伏Au矿体均无空间关系。土壤中Cu的来源主要受地层背景含量的控制。高土壤As环境地球化学等级（三级、四级和五级）的区域主要沿背斜轴和断裂呈带状分布，并与深部矿体相对应，但与已有矿山生产活动区无空间关系。灰家堡金矿田高As环境地球化学等级的土壤与Au的成矿作用有关。     

1：1000000中国草地资源图的编制与研究

编制１：１００００００中国草地资源图（以下简称《草地图》）是＂１９７８～１９８５年中国科学技术发展规划＂中的一项重点研究课题。首先在全国约８００万ｋm₂草地分布区的２０００多个县内进行野外实地调查和产草量测定,辅以航、卫片校核,编绘县级１：５万或１：１０万草地类型图、草地等级图、草地利用现状图。然后采用系列制图方法,遵照全国统一的编制规范和制图综合原则,用上述县级草地图逐级缩编成国家级１：１００万草地资源图。该图在不同的制图区域──牧区、半农半牧区、农区有不同的地理要素选择标准;不同的图斑表现级;不同的最小图斑面积。《草地图》除传统地表现草地植被类型外,还表现草地利用性状,按制图单元进行草地等级评价。用变距等高距选取了少量对划分草地类型界线、重要牧草分布界线、季节草地界线有重要指示意义的等高线。